Alpha-amylase variants with altered properties

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compositions comprising variants of alpha-amylase that have alpha-amylase activity and which exhibit altered properties relative to a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase from which they are derived. The compositions comprise an additional enzyme such as a phytase. Also disclosed are methods of using the compositions, and kits related thereto.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications 60/985,619, filed Nov. 5, 2007, 61/026,579, filed Feb. 6, 2008, 61/041,075, filed Mar. 31, 2008, and 61/059,411, filed Jun. 6, 2008, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, for all purposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

Attached hereto is a sequence listing comprising SEQ ID NOS 1-31, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates to novel alpha-amylases. In particular, it relates to certain alpha-amylase variant activities, as well as blends thereof with one or more other enzymes, such as phytases.

BACKGROUND

Alpha-amylases (alpha-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolases, E.C. 3.2.1.1) constitute a group of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of starch and related linear or branched 1,4-glucosidic oligo- and polysaccharides.

Alpha-amylases can be used for a variety of purposes. For examples, alpha-amylases are used commercially in the initial stages of starch processing (e.g., liquefaction); in wet milling processes; and in alcohol production from carbohydrate sources. They are also used as cleaning agents or adjuncts in detergent matrices; in the textile industry for starch desizing; in baking applications; in the beverage industry; in oilfields in drilling processes; in recycling processes, e.g. for de-inking paper, and in animal feed.

Attempts have been made to construct alpha-amylase variants with improved properties for specific uses, such as starch liquefaction and textile desizing.

There is a need for the creation and improvement of amylases that provide, e.g., manufacturing and/or performance advantages over the industry standard enzymes (e.g., from Bacillus licheniformis), for various uses, including commercial processing of grain, e.g., liquefaction processes. There is also a need for compositions comprising improved amylases and additional enzymes, such as phytases.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present disclosure relates, inter alia, to novel α-amylolytic enzymes variants of parent α-amylase such as a AmyS-like α-amylase, in particular variants exhibiting altered properties which are advantageous in connection with the industrial processing of starch (starch liquefaction, saccharification and the like).

For example, the variant is altered, as compared to a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase or a reference alpha-amylase, in one or more of net charge, substrate specificity, substrate cleavage, substrate binding, thermal stability, activity at one or more pH's, stability at one or more pH's [such as increased stability at particular pHs (e.g. low (e.g. pH<6, in particular, pH<5) or high (e.g. pH>9) pH values], stability in oxidizing conditions, metal ion requirements [for example, Ca²⁺ dependency, or Ca²⁺ requirements], specific activity, catalytic rate, catalytic efficiency, activity in the presence of phytic acid or another phytates (i.e, susceptibility to inhibition by phytates), thermal or pH stability in the presence of phytic acid or a phytate, ability to effect peak viscosity in a liquefaction test, or ability to effect final viscosity in a liquefaction test, and other properties of interest. For instance, one or more alterations may result in a variant that has reduced Ca²⁺ dependency and/or an altered pH/activity profile and/or altered thermostability, as compared to a parent α-amylase, such as an AmyS-like alpha-amylase.

In one of its aspects, the disclosure relates to variant alpha-amylases comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, and further comprising one or more of the following modifications to it amino acid sequence:

a) one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at amino acid position 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at 443;

b) other sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 319, 349, 358, 428, or 443;

c) deletion of one or more amino acids at positions F178, R179, G180, I181, G182, or K183, or pairs thereof;

d) other sequence modifications at one or more amino acid positions 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, or 183;

e) substitution of N193F or V416G, or both;

f) other sequence modification at position 193, 416 or both;

g) substitution of one or more proline residues present in the part of the alpha-amylase variant that is modified, with an alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, valine or leucine residue.

h) substitution of one or more proline residues present in the part of the alpha-amylase variant that is modified, with another naturally-occurring amino acid residue;

i) substitution of one or more cysteine residues present in the parent alpha-amylase with a serine, alanine, threonine, glycine, valine or leucine residue;

j) substitution of one or more cysteine residues present in the parent alpha-amylase variant, with another naturally-occurring amino acid residue;

k) where SEQ ID NO: 7 is the reference amylase for numbering, any of the following mutations M15T,L, M15X, V128E, V128X, H133Y, H133X, N188S,T,P, N188X, M197T,L, M197X, A209V, A209X, M197T/W138F, M197T/138Y, M15T/H133Y/N188S, M15N128E/H133Y/N188S, E119C/S130C, D124C/R127C, H133Y/T149I, G475R, H133Y/S187D or H133Y/A209V.

l) other modification at one or more of positions M15, V128, A111, H133, W138, T149, M197, N188, A209, A210, H405, T412, where SEQ ID NO: 7 is the reference amylase;

m) where the parent alpha-amylase comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, deletion or substitution of one or more of a cysteine residue (C363) or one or more methionine residues located in any of positions M8, M9, M96, M200, M206, M284, M307, M311, M316 and M438 when SEQ ID NO: 2 is the reference amylase;

n) modification of one or more amino acid residues corresponding to P17, D19, T21, N28, S51, G72, V74, A82, Q86, Q89, A93, G95, Q97, W115, D117, P123, S124, D125, N127, I130, G132, Q135, P145, G146, G148, S153, Y159, W166, S169, K171, R179, G180, I181, G182, K183, W187, P209, N224, S242, P245, G256, D269, N271, T278, N281, G302, A304, R308, T321, Q358, P378, S382, K383, T398, H405, T417, E418, P420, G421, P432, W437, G446, G454, S457, T459, T461, S464, G474, or R483, where SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 are the reference amylase; or

o) a set of substitutions of a) Q97E, Q319E, Q358E, Q443E; b) Q97E, Q319R, Q358E, Q443R; c) Q97E, Q319R, Q358E; d) Q97E, Q319R, Q443E; e) Q97E, Q319R, Q443R; f) Q97E, Q358R; g) Q897E, Q443E; h) Q319R, Q358E, Q443E; or i) Q319R, Q358R, Q443E.

In presently preferred embodiments, the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant.

The alpha-amylase variant is preferably derived from a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase comprising any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or 16. The reference alpha-amylase used for numbering the amino acid residues is preferably SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 in certain embodiments.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the variant is at least 98% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase.

Also provided are nucleic acids, i.e., polynucleotides, comprising an encoding sequence that encodes a) an amino acid sequence of the variants described herein; or b) any of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30. Provided as well are vectors and host cells comprising the polynucleotides or vectors.

In various embodiments, the host cell is a Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. lautus, B. thuringiensis, Streptomyces lividans, S. murinus; Escherichia coli, or a Pseudomonas spp.

In another aspect, there is provided herein a variant of a parent Geobacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, wherein the variant has an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% homology to a parent Geobacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase and comprises a substitution of amino acid 242, wherein the amino acid positions in the peptide sequence are numbered relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and wherein the variant has alpha-amylase activity.

In another aspect, provided are compositions comprising:

a) an alpha-amylase variant as provided herein, and

b) at least one additional enzyme.

In one embodiment, the composition is one comprising a) at least one variant amylase comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, said variant having detectable alpha-amylase activity, and b) at least one additional enzyme.

The additional enzyme is preferably a phytase. The alpha-amylase variant in the composition is preferably a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant.

In one embodiment, the alpha-amylase variant further comprises a sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 179, 180, 193, 319, 349, 358, 416, 428, or 443 of the reference alpha-amylase. The alpha-amylase variant can also comprise one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at 443.

In one embodiment, the alpha-amylase variant comprises a substitution of an N193 or a V416 or both, e.g., a substitution of N193F or V416G, or both.

The alpha-amylase variant comprises deletion of amino acids 179 and 180 in other embodiments. The composition in one embodiment comprises an alpha-amylase variant has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2 and comprises a substitution of amino acid 242 relative to numbering in a reference alpha-amylase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. As above, the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase is preferably SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or 16.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to hydrolyzing a soluble starch substrate using alpha-amylase (AA) activity and a phytate-hydrolyzing enzyme (FTU). For example, wherein the ratio of AAU:FTU is from about 1:15 to about 15:1, preferably from 1:10 to about 10:1. In an embodiment the ratio of AAU:FTU is from 1:4 to 3:1. In a further embodiment the ratio of AAU:FTU is 1:1. In one presently preferred composition, the phytase has a sequence that is SEQ ID NO: 31.

More particularly, methods are provided for treating a starch slurry comprising the steps of a) adding to the starch slurry at least one phytase and at least one alpha-amylase; wherein the phytase and the alpha-amylase are added at or about the same time, or separately in any order, and wherein the alpha-amylase is a variant amylase comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, said variant having detectable alpha-amylase activity; and b) incubating the starch slurry under conditions permissive of activity of the phytase and the alpha-amylase.

The alpha-amylase variant for use in the method is preferably a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant. In one embodiment, the alpha-amylase variant further comprises a sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 179, 180, 193, 319, 349, 358, 416, 428, or 443 of the reference alpha-amylase. The alpha-amylase variant can comprise one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at 443. In one embodiment, the alpha-amylase variant comprises a substitution of an N193 or a V416 or both, e.g., a substitution of N193F or V416G, or both. The alpha-amylase variant features deletion of amino acids 179 and 180 in other embodiments.

In one embodiment of the method, the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or 16.

The phytase can be added before or after the alpha-amylase variant. The starch slurry may be preincubated after adding the phytase, and before adding the alpha-amylase variant. In one embodiment, the inclusion of the phytase results in an increase in thermostability of the alpha-amylase variant relative to a comparable method that does not include contacting the starch slurry with phytase. In one embodiment of the method, the phytase and the alpha-amylase variant are present in a single blend before adding to the starch slurry. In another, the phytase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31.

In a further aspect, this relates to a method for liquefying starch in a slurry comprising a substrate which includes plant material such as granular starch from either a dry or wet milling process, the method comprising a primary and/or secondary liquefaction step, the method comprising adding to the slurry in the primary and/or secondary liquefaction step, in any order, a combination of at least one phytic acid hydrolyzing enzyme and at least one alpha-amylase simultaneously or separately. The method can further comprise saccharifying the liquefied starch to obtain fermentable sugars; and recovering the fermentable sugars. In some embodiments, the method further comprises fermenting the fermentable sugars under suitable fermentation conditions to obtain end-products such as alcohol. In some embodiments, the enzyme composition contains at least one alpha-amylase and a phytase. In some embodiments, the enzyme composition is in blended form. In a further aspect, this relates to a method for fermenting a starch substrate, the method comprising adding in any order a combination of an alpha-amylase and a phytase in a single or split dose. In another aspect, the treated starch substrate is fermented to ethanol.

In various embodiments of the method, the reference alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T alpha-amylase variant.

In another aspect is a method of obtaining a fermentable substrate by contacting a slurry of milled grain containing granular starch, with a phytic acid-hydrolyzing enzyme at a temperature of about 0 to about 30° C. less than the starch gelatinization temperature, contacting the slurry with an alpha-amylase, raising the temperature above the gelatinization temperature for the granular starch to allow gelatinization of the starch, hydrolyzing the gelatinized starch by contacting the gelatinized starch with the alpha-amylase for a time sufficient to hydrolyze the starch, and obtaining a fermentable substrate. The phytic acid hydrolyzing enzyme can be a bacterial or fungal phytase. The fungal phytase can be an Aspergillus phytase or a Buttiauxella phytase. In some embodiments, the bacterial phytase is from Escherichia coli.

Provided, then, are methods of producing a fermentable substrate from a starch-containing slurry comprising milled grain, the method comprises the steps of

a) contacting the starch-containing slurry with at least one phytase and at least one alpha-amylase in an amount sufficient to produce a fermentable substrate from the starch;

wherein the contact with the phytase and the alpha-amylase is initiated at or about the same time, or separately in any order, and wherein the alpha-amylase is a variant amylase comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, said variant having detectable alpha-amylase activity; and

b) incubating the starch slurry under conditions permissive of activity of the phytase and the alpha-amylase for a time that allows production of the fermentable substrate; wherein when the contact with the phytase is initiated before the amylase, the slurry is incubated at a temperature that is 0-30° C. less than the gelatinization temperature prior to contacting the slurry with the amylase, after which the temperature is raised above the gelatinization for a time effective to hydrolyze the starch.

In one embodiment, the reference alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or 16. The alpha-amylase variant is preferably a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T alpha-amylase variant.

In one embodiment, the method comprises use of at least one additional enzyme which is a phytase, cellulase, protease, aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glucanotransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, isomerase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinase, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, nuclease, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, xylanase, pullulanase, isoamylase, carrageenase, or a combination of two or more of the foregoing.

The method is preferably part of a process for starch degradation, liquefaction, fermentation, alcohol production, sweetener production, production of a fermentable substrate, cleaning, washing, stain removal, or baking process, or the like.

In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a process for producing a fermentable sugar comprising a) mixing milled starch-containing material with water and thin stillage, wherein the thin stillage is in the range of 10 to 70% v/v and obtaining a slurry comprising starch and having a dry solids (ds) content of 20 to 50% w/w, b) treating the slurry with a phytase prior to or simultaneously with liquefying the starch, c) liquefying the starch, d) adding an alpha-amylase to the starch either during step b) and/or simultaneously with the liquefying step and e) saccharifying the liquefied starch to obtain fermentable sugars, wherein the pH is not adjusted during any of the steps a), b), c), d) or e). In some embodiments, the fermentable sugar is recovered and purified or isomerized. In other embodiments, the phytase is added prior to the liquefaction step. In further embodiments, the alpha-amylase is added with the phytase. In yet further embodiments, a second alpha-amylase dose is added during the liquefaction step.

Also provided herein are methods of method of treating a starch-containing material or a starch with an amylase. The methods comprise the step of contacting the starch-containing material or the starch with a composition comprising at least one alpha-amylase variant disclosed herein under conditions sufficient to allow detectable activity of the alpha-amylase; wherein the variant amylase any variant disclosed herein; and wherein the starch is at least partially degraded by the variant amylase. In preferred embodiments, the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant alpha-amylase. The methods are conveniently used as part of a process for starch degradation, liquefaction, fermentation, alcohol production, sweetener production, production of a fermentable substrate, cleaning, washing, stain removal, or baking process, or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows alignment of amino acid sequences among several candidate parent alpha-amylases (AmyS-like amylases) for use herein. Positions corresponding to any amino acid position (e.g., 1 through 520) of the amylase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (SEQ ID NO: 1) can be readily determined. SEQ ID NO: 1, alpha-amylase from G. stearothermophilus “BSG”; SEQ ID NO: 2, truncated amylase from G. stearothermophilus (AmyS, SPEZYME XTRA); SEQ ID NO: 3, G. stearothermophilus (S242A variant amylase); SEQ ID NO: 4, G. stearothermophilus (S242Q variant amylase); SEQ ID NO: 5, G. stearothermophilus (S242E variant amylase); SEQ ID NO: 6, Yamane 707 amylase; SEQ ID NO: 7, mature LAT amylase; SEQ ID NO: 8, Bacillus licheniformis wild-type amylase [TERMAMYL (NOVOZYMES)=SEQ ID NO: 8 in WO 02/10355A2]; SEQ ID NO: 9, B. amyloliquefaciens amylase, BAN; SEQ ID NO: 10, STAINZYME=AA560 which is SEQ ID NO: 2 in WO 0060060 or SEQ ID NO: 24 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,298; SEQ ID NO: 11, B. halmapalus amylase (NATALASE); SEQ ID NO: 12, KSM-1378 (KAO CORP., SEQ ID NO: 3 in EP1199356); SEQ ID NO: 13, Bacillus spp. KSM-K38 (KAO CORP., SEQ ID NO: 4 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,355 B1); SEQ ID NO: 14, Bacillus spp. KSM-K36 (KAO CORP., SEQ ID NO: 2 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,355 B1); SEQ ID NO: 15, LIQUOZYME SC (NOVOZYMES); SEQ ID NO: 16, Consensus Parent Alpha-Amylase Sequence #1;

FIG. 2 shows the pHPLT-AmyS plasmid.

FIG. 3 shows percent residual activity of S242 variants after heat stress at 95° C. for 30 minutes. A positive control, G. stearothermophilus with A179-180 with the C-terminus truncated by 29 amino acids (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 2) is also shown. Lines indicate 2× and 3× above the standard deviation of the percent residual activity of the wild-type enzyme. S242A and S242Q clearly show higher residual activities than the wild-type.

FIG. 4: Panels A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I show pair-wise alignments and consensus sequences for several sequences from FIG. 1, and feature, respectively, Consensus Sequences 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, respectively.

FIG. 5 shows the thermal melting curves and the melting points for the wild-type and amylase variants without added calcium.

FIG. 6 shows the thermal melting curves and the melting points in the presence of 2 mM added calcium for both the wild-type and the amylase variants.

FIG. 7 shows the activity profile at 4, 10, and 20 minutes for Spezyme Xtra and two variants, relative to Liquozyme SC.

FIG. 8 shows the activity profile of four variants relative to the S242Q variant for three time points.

FIG. 9 shows the viscosity reduction of corn flour due to the action of the alpha-amylases Liquozyme SC, Spezyme Ethyl or Spezyme Xtra at a 30 μg dose.

FIG. 10 shows the viscosity reduction of corn flour due to the action of the alpha-amylases Liquozyme SC or Spezyme Xtra, or one of two variants (S242A and S242Q) at a 30 μg dose.

FIG. 11 shows the viscosity reduction of corn flour due to the action of the alpha-amylase Liquozyme SC or Spezyme Xtra, or one of two variants (S242A and S242Q) at a 20 μg dose.

FIG. 12 shows the DE progression of whole ground corn treated with Liquozyme SC, Spezyme Xtra, or one of two variants (S242A and S242Q) over time (0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). Dosing of liquefaction enzymes pre- and post-jet are indicated as “X+Y” where: X and Y represent the number of units of enzyme added before and after the jet, respectively.

FIG. 13 shows the viscosity post-jet of whole ground corn treated with Liquozyme SC, Spezyme Xtra, or one of two variants (S242A and S242Q) over time (0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). X and Y are as in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 shows the DE progression of whole ground corn treated with phytase and an amylase (Spezyme Xtra or S242Q variant) over time (0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). MAXALIQ is a phytase/amylase blend available from Genencor, a Danisco Division. Phytase effect was observed during primary liquefaction using 242Q AA in low pH (5.2) liquefaction process of whole ground corn, 32% ds. corn containing 30% thin stillage, no jet cooking. Reference is made to Example 8.

FIG. 15 shows the viscosity post-jet of whole ground corn treated with phytase and amylase (e.g., Spezyme Xtra or S242Q variant) over time (0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). Conditions were as in FIG. 14. Reference is made to Example 8.

FIG. 16 shows the DE progression of whole ground corn treated with the S242Q variant and phytase. Conditions included: 32% whole ground corn containing 30% thin stillage, pH 5.2. During 30 min preincubation, BP-17 phytase was added at 0 (control), 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 FTU, primary liquefaction followed. Enzymes used during primary liquefaction: 242Q 4 AAU/gm ds corn, incubation time was 45 min at 70° C. Secondary liquefaction was at 90° C. for 90 min. Reference is made to Example 9.

FIG. 17 shows the viscosity post-jet of whole ground corn treated with the S242Q variant and phytase. Effects of phytate removal on the viscosity reduction of during batch liquefaction of whole ground corn at 90° C., pH 5.2 were observed. Pre-incubation with phytase was as in FIG. 16. Reference is made to Example 9.

FIG. 18 shows the effect of phytase treatment of whole ground corn on the increase in the thermostability and low pH stability of the S242Q variant. The effects of low pH on the liquefaction process of whole ground corn, 32% ds. corn containing 30% thin stillage were observed. Triangles, pH 5.2; squares, pH 4.8; diamonds, pH 4.5; and circles, pH 4.2. Reference is made to Example 9.

FIG. 19 shows the effect of phytase addition during primary liquefaction of whole ground corn on the viscosity reduction after jet cooking. Conditions were as in FIG. 18. White, pH 5.2; black, pH 4.8; stippled, pH 4.5; and hashed, pH 4.2. Reference is made to Example 9.

FIG. 20 is a graph showing the effects of BP-17 concentration during primary liquefaction of whole ground corn, pH 5.2 by S242Q variant AA (4AAU/gds corn) on the rate of DE progression at 90° C. were observed. The rates of DE progression (squares) and the percent phytic acid reduction as IP6 (diamonds) were measured.

FIG. 21 is a graph-showing the effect of the S242Q alpha-amylase variant on DE progression under conventional processing conditions. Observing effects of pH on S242Q performance in liquefaction with jet cooking (32% DS, 30% thin stillage, 10 min slurry at 85° C.+107° C. jet+3 min residence time+90 min secondary batch liquefaction at 85° C.). Squares, pH 5.8; diamonds, pH 5.5. Reference is made to Example 8.

FIG. 22 is a graph depicting the performance of S242Q (filled circles) and its variants (open circles), as a function of charge, in the rice starch microswatch assay under North American laundry conditions using S242Q combinatorial charge library, rice starch microswatch cleaning in Tide 2×, at 20° C. Reference is made to Example 16.

FIG. 23 is a graph depicting the performance of a truncated Bacillus sp. TS-23 amylase (closed circles) with the following mutations: Q98R, M201L, S243Q R309A, Q320R, Q359E, and K444E and its charge variants (open circles) (see co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. PCT/US2008/007103, filed 6 Jun. 2008) in the rice starch microswatch assay as a function of charge under Western European laundry conditions with TS23t combinatorial charge library, rice starch microswatch cleaning in Persil at 40° C. Reference is made to Example 16.

FIG. 24 is a graph depicting the performance of S242Q (closed circles) and its variants (open circles) in the BODIPY-starch assay as a function of charge. S242Q combinatorial charge library (CCL), specific activity on BODIPY-starch, standard assay conditions Reference is made to Example 16.

FIG. 25 A is a graph depicting the relative BODIPY-starch hydrolysis as a function of relative shake tube expression (i.e., relative BODIPY-starch hydrolysis vs. relative shake tube expression). FIG. 25B is a graph depicting the relative microswatch-starch hydrolysis as a function of relative shake tube expression (i.e., relative microswatch-starch hydrolysis vs. relative shake tube expression). Reference is made to Example 19.

FIG. 26A is a graph depicting the relative shake tube expression as a function of charge. FIG. 26B is a graph depicting the relative BODIPY-starch hydrolysis as a function of charge. Reference is made to Example 19.

FIG. 27A is a graph depicting the relative shake tube expression as a function of charge. FIG. 27B is a graph depicting the relative microswatch cleaning activity as a function of charge. Reference is made to Example 19.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE 1. Definitions & Abbreviations

In accordance with this disclosure, the following abbreviations and definitions apply. It should be noted that as used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a polypeptide” includes a plurality of such polypeptides and reference to “the formulation” includes reference to one or more formulations and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The following terms are provided below.

1.1. Abbreviations

The following abbreviations apply unless indicated otherwise:

-   -   AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists;     -   ADW automatic dish washing;     -   AE alcohol ethoxylate;     -   AEO alcohol ethoxylate;     -   AEOS alcohol ethoxysulfate;     -   AES alcohol ethoxysulfate;     -   AFAU acid fungal alpha-amylase units;     -   AGU glucoamylase activity units;     -   AOS α-olefinsulfonate;     -   AS alcohol sulfate;     -   BAA bacterial alpha-amylase;     -   ° C. degrees Centigrade;     -   CCL combinatorial charge library;     -   cDNA complementary DNA;     -   CMC carboxymethylcellulose;     -   dE total color difference, as defined by the CIE-LAB color         space;     -   dH₂O deionized water;     -   dIH₂O deionized water, Milli-Q filtration;     -   DE Dextrose Equivalent;     -   DNA deoxyribonucleic acid;     -   dNTP deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates;     -   DO dissolved oxygen;     -   DP3 degree of polymerization with three subunits;     -   DPn degree of polymerization with n subunits;     -   DS (or ds) dry solids content;     -   DSC differential scanning calorimetry;     -   DTMPA diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid;     -   EC enzyme commission for enzyme classification;     -   EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;     -   EDTMPA ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid;     -   EO ethylene oxide;     -   eq equivalents;     -   ETOH ethanol;     -   F&HC fabric and household care;     -   FTU “fitase” units, phytate hydrolyzing unit;     -   g (or gm) grams;     -   GAU glucoamylase unit;     -   gpg grains per gallon;     -   g/l grams per liter;     -   Genencor Danisco US Inc, Genencor Division, Palo Alto, Calif.;     -   H₂O water;     -   HDG heavy duty granular detergent;     -   HDL heavy duty liquid detergent;     -   HFCS high-fructose corn syrup;     -   HFSS high-fructose starch-based syrup;     -   HPAEC-PAD high performance anion exchange chromatography with         pulsed amperometric detection;     -   hr(s) hour/hours;     -   IKA IKA Works Inc. 2635 North Chase Parkway SE, Wilmington,         N.C.; IPTG isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside;     -   JPN Japan;     -   kg kilograms;     -   LA Luria Agar;     -   LAS linear alkylbenezenesulfonate;     -   LB Luria Broth;     -   LU Lipase Units;     -   M molar;     -   MBD medium MOPS-based defined medium;     -   MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid;     -   mg milligrams;     -   min(s) minute/minutes;     -   mL (or ml) milliliters;     -   mm millimeters;     -   mM millimolar;     -   MOPS 3-(N-Morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid;     -   MW molecular weight;     -   NA North America;     -   Ncm Newton centimeter;     -   NEO neomycin;     -   ng nanogram;     -   nm nanometer;     -   NOBS nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate;     -   N Normal;     -   NTA nitrilotriacetic acid;     -   PAHBAH p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide;     -   PCR polymerase chain reaction;     -   PEG polyethyleneglycol;     -   pI isoelectric point;     -   ppm parts per million;     -   PVA poly(vinyl alcohol);     -   PVP poly(vinylpyrrolidone);     -   RAU Reference Amylase Units;     -   RMS root mean square;     -   RNA ribonucleic acid;     -   rpm revolutions per minute;     -   SAPU spectrophotometric acid protease unit;     -   SAS secondary alkane sulfonates;     -   1×SSC 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M sodiumcitrate, pH 7.0;     -   sec seconds;     -   % SRI percent stain removal index;     -   SSF simultaneous saccharification and fermentation;     -   TAED tetraacetylethylenediamine;     -   T_(m) thermal midpoint for a DSC curve, or melting temperature         of a protein;     -   TNBS trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid;     -   μg micrograms;     -   μl, (μL) microliters;     -   μNm microNewton meters;     -   μm micrometer;     -   μM micromolar;     -   U units;     -   V/V volume to volume;     -   WE Western Europe;     -   wt % weight percent;     -   w/v (or W/V) weight/volume;     -   w/w (or W/w) weight/weight;     -   wt wild-type.

1.2. Definitions

In some aspects, the present disclosure relies on routine techniques and methods used in the field of genetic engineering and molecular biology. The following resources include descriptions of general methodology useful in accordance with what is disclosed herein: Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (2^(nd) Ed., 1989); Kreigler, GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION; A LABORATORY MANUAL (1990) and Ausubel et al., Eds. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (1994).

These general references provide definitions and methods known to those in the art. Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Singleton, et al., DICTIONARY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 2D ED., John Wiley and Sons, New York (1994) and Hale & Markham, THE HARPER COLLINS DICTIONARY OF BIOLOGY, Harper Perennial, NY (1991) provide one of skill with general dictionaries of many of the terms used in this disclosure.

“Isolated” means that the isolated substance, e.g. a compound or a sequence, is modified by the hand of man relative to that compound or sequence as found in nature. For example, an isolated sequence is at least partially free, or even substantially free, from at least one other component with which the sequence is naturally associated as found in nature.

“Purified” when used to describe a material or substance means that the material or substance is in a relatively pure state, e.g., at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, at least about 98% pure, or at least about 99% pure.

As used herein, “starch” refers to any carbohydrate composition comprising complex polysaccharides, comprising amylose and/or amylopectin with the formula (C₆H₁₀O₅), wherein “X” can be any number. Preferably, starch refers to any such carbohydrate that is naturally present in plants, including but not limited to grains, grasses, tubers, and roots, and more specifically from wheat, barley, corn, rye, rice, sorghum, cassaya, millet, potato, sweet potato, and tapioca. Starch can also refer to synthetic starches or modified starches, such as chemically-modified starch for use as a detectable substrate for enzyme assays, or starches chemically- or enzymatically-modified to improve one or more properties for use.

As used herein, “phytic acid” (or inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6)), is the principle storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, such as bran, seeds, and the like. Phytic acid is also referred to as “phytate” herein, especially when in salt form. Various other inositol phosphates such as inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3) are also referred to herein as phytates. Phytates are generally indigestible by man and most monogastric animals.

Enzymes that degrade phytates are referred to herein as “phytases” or “fytases” are generally myo-inositol-hexaphosphate phosphohydrolases. Phytase activity is defined as fytase units (FTU or U), where one FTU is defined as the quantity of enzyme that liberates 1 micromol of inorganic-P per minute from 0.0015 mol/l sodium phytate at pH 5.5, and 37° C. This definition provides a useful measure of quantity of phytase activity and represents a simple bench mark measurement. Phytate-degrading enzymes of yeasts (e.g., Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Pichia anomala, Arxula adeninivorans), gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp.), and gram-positive (e.g., Bacillus spp.) have been identified and characterized. Phytases from many plants, and from filamentous fungi such as Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp. Mucor piriformis, and Cladosporium spp., are also known. 3-phytases (EC 3.1.3.8) and 6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26), depending on the site of initiation of hydrolysis, have been characterized. Also, phytase have been characterized, based on their pH “optima,” as either acid (pH optima around 5) or alkaline (pH optima around 9). A variety of commercial phytases are available, including ROVABIO (Genencor International).

“Amylase” refers to an enzyme that is capable of catalyzing the cleavage of a starch substrate, leading to a degradation or partial degradation of the starch. Amylases are generally hydrolases that cleave glycosidic linkages in starch. As used herein amylase includes any glucoamylase, alpha-amylase, β-amylase, for example, the wild-type alpha-amylases of Bacillus spp., especially B. licheniformis. Generally, alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1; α-D-(1→4)-glucan glucanohydrolase) are endo-acting enzymes defined as cleaving α-D-(1→4) β-glycosidic linkages within the starch molecule in a random fashion. In contrast, the exo-acting amylolytic enzymes, such as β-amylases (EC 3.2.1.2; α-D-(1→4)-glucan maltohydrolase) and some product-specific amylases like maltogenic alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.133) cleave the substrate starch molecule from the non-reducing end. β-Amylases, α-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20; α-D-glucoside glucohydrolase), glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3; α-D-(1→4)-glucan glucohydrolase), and product-specific amylases can produce malto-oligosaccharides of specific length from starch. Wild-type alpha-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus or “AmyS” amylase is sometimes referred to herein as XTRA or SPEZYME XTRA, which are commercial AmyS products from Genencor International.

As used herein, “AmyS-like alpha-amylases” are useful as parent amylases herein. AmyS-like alpha-amylases constitute a class of alpha-amylases herein, based on the substantial homology found between them. “AmyS-like alpha-amylase” is intended to indicate the class of alpha-amylases, in particular Bacillus alpha-amylases, especially Geobacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylases, which, at the amino acid level, exhibit a substantial identity to the alpha-amylase having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, herein. Spezyme Xtra is commercially available from Danisco US Inc, Genencor Division. Geobacillus stearothermophilus has been referred to as Bacillus stearothermophilus in the literature and the two may be used interchangeably herein. All the alpha-amylases having the amino acid sequences provided herein as SEQ ID NOS: 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16, respectively, are considered to be AmyS-like alpha-amylases and thus are suitable as parent alpha-amylases. AmyS-like alpha-amylases also include alpha-amylases i) having amino acid sequences with at least 60% homology (identity), such as at least 70%, at least 75%, or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity, with at least one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16, and/or ii) that are encoded by a DNA sequence that hybridizes with a DNA sequence encoding any of the above-specified alpha-amylases, or those apparent from SEQ ID NOS: 9 (BAN), 5 (BSG), 3 (SP722), 1 (SP690), 7 (LAT), 11 (AA560) of WO 06/002643 or of the present specification, which encode any of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16 herein, respectively. Still further homologous alpha-amylases useful as AmyS-like alpha-amylases and thus, as parent enzymes for producing variants herein, include the alpha-amylase produced by the B. licheniformis strain described in EP 0252666. (ATCC 27811) and the alpha-amylases identified in WO 91/00353 and WO 94/18314. Commercial AmyS-like alpha-amylases are comprised in the products sold under the following trade names: Spezyme® AA and ULTRAPHLOW (available from Danisco US Inc, Genencor Division), and Keistase™ (available from Daiwa) and LIQUEZYME SC (available from Novozymes, Denmark). Section 1.5 herein below provides further information regarding AmyS-like alpha-amylases. Table A therein provides a list of several useful AmyS-like alpha-amylases, as well as a convenient method of comparing amino acid sequence identities there between. The skilled artisan will appreciate the similar tables can be constructed for other alpha-amylases to determine their suitability for use herein as apparent enzyme.

As used herein, “spectrophotometric acid protease unit” (“SAPU”) is a unit of protease enzyme activity, wherein in 1 SAPU is the amount of protease enzyme activity that liberates one micromole of tyrosine per minute from a casein substrate under conditions of the assay.

“Glucoamylase unit” (“GAU”), is a measure of amylolytic activity defined as the amount of enzyme activity that will produce 1 g of reducing sugar, calculated as glucose, per hour from a soluble starch substrate at pH 4.2 and 60° C.).

As used herein, the term “variant” may be used interchangeably with the term “mutant.” “Variants” can refer to either polypeptides or nucleic acids. Variants include one or more sequence “modifications,” which as used herein include substitutions, insertions, deletions, truncations, transversions, and/or inversions, at one or more locations relative to a reference sequence. Each modifications can include changes that result in a change of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides in a sequence, relative to the reference sequence. Variant nucleic acids include sequences that are complementary to sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequences presented herein. For example, a variant nucleic acid sequence herein can be at least partially complementary to a sequence capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions (e.g., 50° C. and 0.2×SSC {1×SSC=0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0}) to a nucleotide sequences presented herein. More preferably, the term variant encompasses sequences that are complementary to sequences that are capable of hybridizing under highly stringent conditions (e.g., 65° C. and 0.1×SSC) to the nucleotide sequences presented herein.

“Thermostable” when used to describe an enzyme means the enzyme is more thermostable than a reference enzyme. In the present application, an alpha-amylase variant is more thermostable than a wild-type B. licheniformis alpha-amylase if the variant has a relatively higher enzymatic activity after a specific interval of time under the same experimental conditions, e.g., the same temperature, substrate concentration, etc. Alternatively, a more thermostable enzyme has a higher heat capacity determined by differential scanning calorimetry, compared to a reference enzyme.

“Melting temperature” (T_(m)) of a polypeptide is a temperature at which the conformation of the polypeptide undergoes a measurable temperature-dependent change. Protein conformation and T_(m) can be analyzed, for example, by circular dichroism, one of the most general and basic tools to study protein folding. Circular dichroism spectroscopy measures the absorption of circularly polarized light. In proteins, structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets are generally chiral, and thus absorb circularly polarized light. The light absorption provides a measure of the degree of foldedness of the protein. Changes in this absorption as a function of temperature or concentration of a sequence, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified or altered. Thus, for example, recombinant cells may express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or may express native genes that are otherwise differently expressed (e.g. under-expressed, or over-expressed), abnormally expressed, or not expressed at all.

As used herein, “nucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid sequence” refers to any sequence of two or more nucleotides, ribonucleotides, or the like, or derivatives thereof. Nucleotide sequences include oligonucleotide and polynucleotide sequences, as well as variants, homologues, fragments and derivatives thereof. A nucleotide sequence may be single-, double-, or multi-stranded. The nucleotide sequence may be from any source or origin, e.g., genomic, synthetic, or recombinant, and includes genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA, and RNA, and the like as well as hybrids thereof. Nucleotide sequences may comprise one or more codons and may encode one or more polypeptides. Nucleotide sequences may preferentially assume one or more energetically preferred three-dimensional structures.

A “vector” refers to a nucleotide sequence frequently useful for experimental use in vitro, or for introduction of nucleic acids into one or more cell types. Vectors include cloning vectors, in vivo or in vitro expression vectors, shuttle vectors, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, phage particles, cassettes and the like.

An “expression vector” as used herein means a DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence which is operably-linked to a suitable control sequence capable of effecting expression of the DNA in a suitable host. Such control sequences may include a promoter to effect transcription, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable ribosome binding sites on the mRNA, enhancers and sequences which control termination of transcription and translation.

A polynucleotide or a polypeptide having a certain percent (e.g., at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of sequence identity with another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases or amino acid residues are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or identity can be determined using any suitable software program known in the art, for example those described in CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (F. M. Ausubel et al. (eds) 1987, Supplement 30, section 7.7.18). Such programs may include the GCG Pileup program, FASTA (Pearson et al. (1988) Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2444-2448), and BLAST (BLAST Manual, Altschul et al., Natl Cent. Biotechnol. Inf., Natl Lib. Med. (NCIB NLM NIH), Bethesda, Md., and Altschul et al., (1997) NAR 25:3389-3402). Another alignment program is ALIGN Plus (Scientific and Educational Software, PA), using default parameters. Another sequence software program that finds use is the TFASTA Data Searching Program available in the Sequence Software Package Version 6.0 (Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.).

One skilled in the art will recognize that sequences encompassed by the disclosure are also defined by the ability to hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions with the exemplified amyS sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5 of WO 06/002643). A nucleic acid is hybridizable to another nucleic acid sequence when a single stranded form of the nucleic acid can anneal to the other nucleic acid under appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength. Hybridization and washing conditions are well known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook (1989) supra, particularly chapters 9 and 11). In some embodiments, stringent conditions correspond to a T_(m) of 65° C. and 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS.

A “gene” refers to a DNA segment that is involved in producing a polypeptide and includes regions preceding and following the coding regions as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).

“Heterologous” with reference to a polynucleotide or protein refers to a polynucleotide or protein that does not naturally occur in a host cell. In some embodiments, the protein is a commercially important industrial protein. It is intended that the term encompass proteins that are encoded by naturally occurring genes, mutated genes and nucleic acids encoding heterolorougs proteins such as fusion proteins, and/or synthetic genes.

“Endogenous” with reference to a polynucleotide or protein refers to a polynucleotide or protein that occurs naturally in the host cell.

As used herein, “transformed”, “stably transformed”, and “transgenic” used in reference to a cell means the cell comprises at least one non-native (e.g., heterologous) nucleic acid sequence. A stably-transformed cell comprises at least one such nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome, or in an episomal plasmid that is maintained through multiple generations.

As used herein, “expression” refers to the process by which a polypeptide is produced based on the nucleic acid sequence of a gene. The process includes both transcription and translation.

A “signal sequence” means a sequence of amino acids covalently-bound to the N-terminal portion of a protein, which facilitates the transport of the protein, e.g., secretion of the mature form of the protein outside the cell. The definition of a signal sequence is functional. The mature form of the extracellular protein lacks the signal sequence which is cleaved off, e.g., during the secretion process.

As used herein, the term “derived” encompasses the terms “originated from”, “obtained from” or “obtainable from”, and “isolated from”.

The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein. The conventional one-letter or three-letter code for amino acid residues is used herein.

A “promoter” is a regulatory sequence that is involved in binding RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of a gene. The promoter may be an inducible promoter or a constitutive promoter. For example, cbh1 from Trichoderma reesei, an inducible promoter, can be used herein.

“Operably-linked” refers to juxtaposition wherein elements are in an arrangement allowing them to be functionally related, even where not in close physical proximity. For example, a promoter is operably-linked to a coding sequence if it is capable of controlling the coding sequence and does control the transcription of the sequence under conditions permissive thereof, or conducive thereto.

“Selective marker” refers to a gene capable of expression in a host, and which allows selecting those hosts expressing the marker gene. Examples of selectable markers include but are not limited to gene that provide altered resistance to an antimicrobial agent (e.g., hygromycin, bleomycin, or chloramphenicol) and/or genes that confer metabolic selectivity, for example, a nutritional advantage on the host cell, such as growth on a particular substrate as a sole source of carbohydrate.

“Introduced” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid sequence into a cell, means “transfection”, or “transformation” or “transduction” and includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid sequence into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell wherein the nucleic acid sequence may be incorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid, plastid, or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, or transiently expressed (e.g., transfected mRNA).

“Host,” “host strain,” or “host cell” means a suitable cell in which to place an expression vector or DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide, e.g., encoding a variant alpha-amylase. Host strains are preferably bacterial cells. In a preferred embodiment, “host cell” means cells and/or protoplasts created from the cells of a microbial strain, e.g., a Bacillus spp.

The term “culturing” refers to growing a population of microbial cells under suitable conditions in a medium capable of supporting such growth. In one embodiment, culturing refers to fermentative bioconversion of a starch substrate containing granular starch to an end-product (typically in a vessel or reactor).

“Fermentation” is the breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms to produce simpler organic compounds. While fermentation generally occurs under predominantly anaerobic conditions, it is not intended that the term be limited to strict anaerobic conditions, as fermentation also occurs in the presence of oxygen.

The term “enzymatic conversion” in general refers to the modification of a substrate by enzyme action. The term as used herein also refers to the modification of a starch substrate by the action of an enzyme.

As used herein the term “saccharification” refers to enzymatic conversion of starch to glucose.

The term “gelatinization” means at least partial solubilization of a starch granule or molecule, e.g., by cooking to form a viscous suspension.

The term “liquefaction” generally refers to a stage during starch conversion in which starch is at least partially hydrolyzed to give a lower molecular weight product, e.g., soluble dextrins.

The term “degree of polymerization (DP)” refers to the number (n) of anhydroglucopyranose units in a given saccharide. Examples of DP1 are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose. Examples of DP2 are disaccharides, such as maltose and sucrose. A DP>3 denotes polymers with a degree of polymerization of greater than 3. The skilled artisan will understand that compounds with greater DE are more polymeric.

“End-product” or “desired end-product” refer to any intended product of an enzymatic reaction, e.g. a starch-derived molecule that is enzymatically converted from the starch substrate.

As used herein “dry solids content (ds)” refers to the total solids of a slurry in % on a dry weight basis. The term “slurry” refers to an aqueous mixture containing insoluble solids.

The term “residual starch” refers to any remaining starch (soluble or insoluble) left in a composition after fermentation of a starch-containing substrate.

“A recycling step” refers to the recycling of mash components, which may include residual starch, enzymes and/or microorganisms to ferment substrates comprising starch.

The term “mash” refers to a mixture of a fermentable carbon source (carbohydrate) in water used to produce a fermented product, such as an alcohol. In some embodiments, the term “beer” and “mash” are used interchangeability.

“Stillage” means a mixture of non-fermented solids and water, such as the residue after removal of alcohol from a fermented mash.

The terms “distillers dried grain (DDG)” and “distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS)” refer to a useful by-product of grain fermentation.

As used herein “ethanologenic microorganism” refers to a microorganism with the ability to convert a carbohydrate (e.g., mono-, di-, oligo-, or polysaccharides) to ethanol. The ethanologenic microorganisms are ethanologenic by virtue of their ability to express one or more enzymes that individually or collectively convert the carbohydrate to ethanol.

As used herein, “ethanol producer” or ethanol producing microorganism” refers to any organism or cell that is capable of producing ethanol from a hexose or pentose. Generally, ethanol-producing cells contain an alcohol dehydrogenase and a pyruvate decarboxylase. Examples of ethanol producing microorganisms include fungal microorganisms such as yeast.

As used herein, “specific activity” means an enzyme unit defined as the number of moles of substrate converted to product by an enzyme preparation per unit time under specific conditions. Specific activity is expressed as units (U)/unit weight of protein, generally, U/mg protein.

“Yield” refers to the amount of end-product or desired end-products produced using the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the yield is greater than that produced using methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the term refers to the volume of the end product and in other embodiment the term refers to the concentration of the end product.

As used herein, “biologically-active” refers to a compound or sequence that has a measurable effect on a biological system, e.g., a cell, an organ, or an organism.

“ATCC” refers to American Type Culture Collection located at Manassas, Va. 20108 (ATCC).

“NRRL” refers to the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (and previously known as USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory), Peoria, Ill.

As used herein, “food” means any ingredient, component or composition that provides a nutritive value for an animal, including a human.

As used herein, by convention, when describing proteins and genes that encode them, the term for the gene is generally italicized, (e.g., the gene that encodes amyL (B. licheniformis AA) may be denoted as amyL). The term for the protein is generally not italicized and the first letter is generally capitalized, (e.g., the protein encoded by the amyL gene may be denoted as AmyL or amyL). Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acid sequences are presented left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation, and amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively.

As used herein the term “comprising” and its cognates are used in their inclusive sense; that is, equivalent to the term “including” and its corresponding cognates. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range.

The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of what is disclosed.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of that which is disclosed, certain presently preferred methods and materials are described with no intention to limit the practitioner to any particular methods, protocols, and reagents described, as these may be varied. All patents and publications, including all sequences disclosed within such patents and publications, referred to herein are expressly incorporated by reference.

2. Nomenclature

In the present description and claims, the conventional one-letter and three-letter codes for amino acid residues are used. For ease of reference, alpha-amylase variants are generally described by use of the following nomenclature:

Original amino acid(s): position(s): substituted amino acid(s)

According to this nomenclature, for instance the substitution of serine by an alanine in position 242 is shown as:

Ser242Ala or S242A

a deletion of alanine in position 30 is shown as:

Ala30* or A30* or ΔA30

and insertion of an additional amino acid residue, such as lysine, is shown as:

Ala30AlaLys or A3 OAK

A deletion of a consecutive stretch of amino acid residues, such as amino acid residues 30-33, is indicated as (30-33)* or Δ(A30-N33).

Where a specific alpha-amylase contains a “deletion” in comparison with other alpha-amylases and an insertion is made in such a position this is indicated as:

*36Asp or *36D

for insertion of an aspartic acid in position 36.

Multiple mutations are separated by plus signs, i.e.:

Ala30Asp+Glu34Ser or A30N+E34S

representing mutations in positions 30 and 34 substituting alanine and glutamic acid for asparagine and serine, respectively.

When one or more alternative amino acid residues may be inserted in a given position it is indicated as:

A30N,E or alternatively, A30N or A30E

Furthermore, when a position suitable for modification is identified herein without any specific modification being suggested, it is to be understood that any amino acid residue may be substituted for the amino acid residue present in the position. Thus, for instance, when a modification of an alanine in position 30 is mentioned, but not specified, it is to be understood that the alanine may be deleted or substituted for any other amino acid, i.e., any one of:

R, N, D, A, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y, V.

Further, “A30X” means any one of the following substitutions: A30R, A30N, A30D, A30C, A30Q, A30E, A30G, A30H, A30I, A30L, A30K, A30M, A30F, A30P, A30S, A30T, A30W, A30Y, or A30V; or in short:

A30R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y, V.

If the parent enzyme—used for the numbering—already has the amino acid residue in question suggested for substitution in that position the following nomenclature is used:

“X30N” or “X30N,V” in the case where, for instance, one or N or V is present in the wild-type. This indicates that other corresponding parent enzymes are substituted to an “Asn” or “Val” in position 30.

3. Characteristics of Amino Acid Residues

Charged Amino Acids:

Asp, Glu, Arg, Lys, His

Negatively Charged Amino Acids (with the Most Negative Residue First):

Asp, Glu

Positively Charged Amino Acids (with the Most Positive Residue First):

Arg, Lys, His

Neutral Amino Acids:

Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Met, Cys, Asn, Gln, Ser, Thr, Pro

Hydrophobic Amino Acid Residues (with the Most Hydrophobic Residue Listed Last):

Gly, Ala, Val, Pro, Met, Leu, Ile, Tyr, Phe, Trp,

Hydrophilic Amino Acids (with the Most Hydrophilic Residue Listed Last):

Thr, Ser, Cys, Gln, Asn

4. Alpha-Amylases and AmyS-Like Amylases

4.1 Amino Acid Identities of Various Alpha-Amylase

A number of alpha-amylases produced by Bacillus spp. are highly homologous (identical) on the amino acid level and may be useful as parent enzymes herein. The percent identity (based on amino acid sequence) of a number of known Bacillus alpha-amylases, relative to each other can be found in the below Table A:

TABLE A Amino acid sequence identity of several known Bacillus alpha-amylases 707 AP1378 BAN BSG SP690 SP722 AA560 LAT 707 100.0 86.4 66.9 66.5 87.6 86.2 95.5 68.1 AP1378 86.4 100.0 67.1 68.1 95.1 86.6 86.0 69.4 BAN 66.9 67.1 100.0 65.6 67.1 68.8 66.9 80.7 BSG 66.5 68.1 65.6 100.0 67.9 67.1 66.3 65.4 SP690 87.6 95.1 67.1 67.9 100.0 87.2 87.0 69.2 SP722 86.2 86.6 68.8 67.1 87.2 100.0 86.8 70.8 AA560 95.5 86.0 66.9 66.3 87.0 86.8 100.0 68.3 LAT 68.1 69.4 80.7 65.4 69.2 70.8 68.3 100.0

The skilled artisan will appreciate that percent identities can be determined from the literature, or by any means disclosed herein or known in the art. For instance, the B. licheniformis alpha-amylase (LAT) (SEQ ID NO: 7) has been found to be about 81% homologous with the B. amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 9) and about 65% homologous with the G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase (BSG) (SEQ ID NO: 1). Further homologous alpha-amylases include SP690 and SP722 disclosed in WO 95/26397, as well as the #707 alpha-amylase derived from Bacillus spp. (SEQ ID NO: 6), described by Tsukamoto et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 151 (1988), pp. 25-31. The KSM AP1378 alpha-amylase is disclosed in WO 97/00324 (from KAO Corporation).

4.2 Parent Alpha-Amylases

AmyS-like alpha-amylases, as defined above, may be used as a parent alpha-amylase. In a preferred embodiment, the parent alpha-amylase is derived from G. stearothermophilus, e.g., one of those referred to above, such as the G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.

4.3 Parent Hybrid Alpha-Amylases

The parent alpha-amylase (i.e., backbone alpha-amylase) may also be a hybrid alpha-amylase, i.e., an alpha-amylase that comprises a combination of partial amino acid sequences derived from at least two alpha-amylases.

The parent hybrid alpha-amylase may be one, which on the basis of amino acid homology (identity) and/or DNA hybridization (as defined above) can be determined to belong to the AmyS-like alpha-amylase family described above. In such a case, the hybrid alpha-amylase is typically composed of at least one part of a AmyS-like alpha-amylase and part(s) of one or more other alpha-amylases selected from AmyS-like alpha-amylases or non-AmyS-like alpha-amylases of microbial (bacterial or fungal) and/or mammalian origin.

Thus, the parent hybrid alpha-amylase may comprise a combination of partial amino acid sequences deriving from at least two AmyS-like alpha-amylases, or from at least one AmyS-like and at least one non-AmyS-like bacterial alpha-amylase, or from at least one AmyS-like and at least one fungal alpha-amylase. The AmyS-like alpha-amylase from which a partial amino acid sequence derives, may be any of the specific AmyS-like alpha-amylase referred to herein.

For instance, the parent alpha-amylase may comprise a C-terminal part of an alpha-amylase derived from a strain of B. licheniformis, and a N-terminal part of an alpha-amylase derived from a strain of G. stearothermophilus or from a strain of G. stearothermophilus (BSG).

5. Homology (Identity)

Homology may be determined as the degree of identity between two sequences indicating a relationship there between, e.g. a derivation of the first sequence from the second or vice versa. The homology may be determined by visual inspection or manual calculations, but more conveniently by means of computer programs known in the art, such as GAP, a program provided in the GCG program package (described above). Thus, Gap GCG v8 may be used, for example with the default scoring matrix for identity and the following default parameters: GAP creation penalty of 5.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.3, respectively for nucleic acidic sequence comparison, and GAP creation penalty of 3.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.1, respectively, for protein sequence comparison. GAP uses the method of Needleman and Wunsch, (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, to make alignments and to calculate the identity.

A structural alignment between Spezyme Xtra (SEQ ID NO: 2) and, e.g., another alpha-amylase may be used to identify equivalent/corresponding positions in other AmyS-like alpha-amylases. One method of obtaining said structural alignment is to use the Pile Up program from the GCG package using default values of gap penalties, i.e., a gap creation penalty of 3.0 and gap extension penalty of 0.1. Other structural alignment methods include the hydrophobic cluster analysis (Gaboriaud et al., FEBS Lett. 224: 149-155, 1987) and reverse threading (Huber, T; Torda, A E, Protein Sci. 7(1): 142-149, 1998).

6. Hybridization

The oligonucleotide probe used in the characterization of the AmyS-like alpha-amylase above may suitably be prepared on the basis of the full or partial nucleotide or amino acid sequence of the alpha-amylase in question.

Suitable conditions for assessing hybridization involve pre-soaking in 5×SSC and pre-hybridizing for 1 hour at 40° C. in a solution of 20% formamide, 5×Denhardt's solution, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, and 50 mg of denatured sonicated calf thymus DNA, followed by hybridization in the same solution supplemented with 100 mM ATP for 18 hours at 40° C., followed by three times washing of the filter in 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 40° C. for 30 minutes (low stringency), preferred at 50° C. (medium stringency), more preferably at 65° C. (high stringency), even more preferably at 75° C. (very high stringency). More details about the hybridization method can be found in Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2^(nd) Ed., Cold Spring Harbor, 1989.

In the present context, “derived from” is intended not only to indicate an alpha-amylase produced or producible by a strain of the organism in question, but also an alpha-amylase encoded by a DNA sequence isolated from such strain and produced in a host organism transformed with said DNA sequence. Finally, the term is intended to indicate an alpha-amylase, which is encoded by a DNA sequence of synthetic and/or cDNA origin and which has the identifying characteristics of the alpha-amylase in question. The term is also intended to indicate that the parent alpha-amylase may be a variant of a naturally occurring alpha-amylase, i.e., a variant, which is the result of a modification (insertion, substitution, deletion) of one or more amino acid residues of the naturally occurring alpha-amylase.

7. General Mutations in Variant Alpha-Amylases

A variant described herein may, in one embodiment, comprise one or more modifications in addition to those outlined above. Thus, it may be advantageous that one or more proline residues (Pro) present in the part of the alpha-amylase variant that is modified is/are replaced with a non-proline residue which may be any of the possible, denaturant can be used to study equilibrium unfolding of the protein. This type of spectroscopy can also be combined with devices, such as stopped flow mixers, to measure kinetics of protein folding/unfolding.

“Calcium dependent” means that, a particular enzyme requires calcium to substantially exhibit catalytic activity. Generally as used herein, “calcium dependent” encompasses a property of any enzyme that has a strict requirement for a divalent metal ion to exhibit catalytic activity, and also includes enzymes whose catalytic activity is substantially (e.g. more than 20%) increased in the presence of calcium or another divalent cation.

As used herein, “pH stable” with respect to an enzyme can refer to the enzyme activity or the protein conformation of the enzyme. In the first sense, “pH stable” means the enzyme remains catalytically-active at a specified pH or across a specified pH range. In the second sense, an enzyme may be deemed “stable” at a pH wherein the protein is not irreversibly denatured. In such a case, the enzyme would become catalytically active when returned to a pH capable of supporting catalytic activity. pH stability may also be used in a relative or comparative manner, for example, with a reference enzyme. In the present application, an alpha-amylase variant can be more pH stable than a wild-type B. licheniformis alpha-amylase when the variant has a relatively higher activity than the wild-type, e.g., when held at a given pH or assayed under the same conditions, including pH. pH's of most interest are typically either the conditions of actual use, or pH's that are at or near the boundaries or extremes of the enzyme's natural ability to remain catalytically active.

“pH range” means a range of pH values e.g., from more acid to more basic, or vice versa. With respect to an enzyme activity, a pH range indicates the upper and lower pH values at which the enzyme exhibits a specified level of activity—e.g. a minimum activity, a specified percentage of maximal activity, or a specified level of substrate conversion or product formation.

“Recombinant” when used in reference to a cell, nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, is the result of, or has been modified by, the introduction of a heterologous sequence or the alteration of a native naturally occurring non-proline residues, and which preferably is an alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, valine or leucine.

Analogously, in one embodiment, one or more cysteine residues present in the parent alpha-amylase may be replaced with a non-cysteine residue such as serine, alanine, threonine, glycine, valine or leucine.

It is to be understood that the variants may incorporate two or more of the above outlined modifications.

Furthermore, it may be advantageous to introduce mutations in one or more of the following positions (using SEQ ID NO: 7 for the numbering):

M15, V128, A111, H133, W138, T149, M197, N188, A209, A210, H405, T412, in particular the following single, double, triple, or multi mutations:

M15X, in particular M15T,L;

V128X, in particular V128E;

H133X, in particular H133Y;

N188X, in particular N188S,T,P;

M197X, in particular M197T,L;

A209X, in particular A209V;

M197T/W138F; M197T/138Y; M15T/H133Y/N188S;

M15N128E/H133Y/N188S; E119C/S130C; D124C/R127C; H133Y/T149I;

G475R, H133Y/S187D; H133Y/A209V.

In the case of the parent alpha-amylase having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 7, relevant amino acid residues which may be deleted or substituted with a view to improving the oxidation stability include the single cysteine residue (C363) and the methionine residues located in positions M8, M9, M96, M200, M206, M284, M307, M311, M316 and M438 in SEQ ID NO:2.

With respect to increasing the thermal stability of an alpha-amylase variant relative to its parent alpha-amylase, it appears to be particularly desirable to delete at least one, and preferably two, or even three, of the following amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2: F178, R179, G180, I181, G182 and K183.

Particularly interesting pair-wise deletions of this type are R179*+G180*; and I181*+G182* (SEQ ID No. 16 or 15, respectively) (or equivalents of these pair-wise deletions in another alpha-amylase meeting the requirements of a parent alpha-amylase in the context of the present disclosure).

Other residues of interest include N193F and V416G in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 2.

8. Altered Properties of Variants

8.1 General

The following section describes the relationship between mutations, which are present in a variant described herein, and desirable alterations in properties (relative to those of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase), which may result therefrom.

Described herein are AmyS-like alpha-amylases with altered properties. Parent alpha-amylases specifically contemplated herein are AmyS-like alpha-amylases and parent hybrid AmyS-like alpha-amylases.

In one embodiment, the Geobacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 2) is used as the starting point, but in other embodiments, the SP722, BLA, BAN, AA560, SP690, KSM AP1378, #707 and other Bacillus alpha-amylases may be used. Amino acid positions corresponding to positions in SEQ ID NO: 2 are readily determined in accordance herewith.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that while any parent alpha-amylase could be used as a reference amylase for the purpose of numbering/identifying the amino acid residues modified or to be modified in a particular variant, SEQ ID NO: 1 is presently a preferred sequence for such purpose, because it is the longest B. stearothermophilus sequence presently available herein.

In one aspect, this disclosure relates to variant with altered properties, e.g., as described above.

In one of its several aspects, this disclosure provides a variant of a parent G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, comprising an alteration at one or more positions (using e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 for the amino acid numbering) selected from the group of:

P17, D19, T21, N28, S51, G72, V74, A82, Q86, Q89, A93, G95, Q97, W115, D117, P123, S124, D125, N127, I130, G132, Q135, P145, G146, G148, S153, Y159, W166, S169, K171, W187, P209, N224, S242, G256, D269, N271, T278, N281, G302, A304, R308, T321, Q358, P378, S382, K383, T398, H405, T417, E418, P420, G421, P432, W437, G446, G454, S457, T459, T461, S464, G474, R483,

wherein

(a) the alteration(s) are independently (i) an insertion of an amino acid downstream of the amino acid that occupies the position; (ii) a deletion of the amino acid that occupies the position; or (iii) a substitution of the amino acid that occupies the position with a different amino acid,

(b) the variant has alpha-amylase activity, and

(c) each position corresponds to a position of the amino acid sequence of the parent amylase, e.g., a G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, e.g., having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, e.g., a truncated alpha-amylase that is available commercially as SPEZYME XTRA from Genencor.

Specifically contemplated herein are S242A, S242Q, S242N and S242E variants.

Additionally, residues R179, G180, I181, G182, and K183 were chosen to explore the effect of mutations in the calcium-sodium binding region, and P245 was chosen because a proline in the middle of an alpha-helix is unusual.

Corresponding positions in other parent AmyS-like alpha-amylases can be found by alignment as described above, for example, as with those sequences shown in the alignment in FIG. 4. Thus, variants of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, comprising an alteration at one or more of the above enumerated positions (using, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 for comparative amino acid numbering) is contemplated herein.

8.2 Altered Properties: Stability

In the context of the variants described herein, mutations (including amino acid substitutions and deletion) of importance with respect to achieving altered stability, in particular improved stability (i.e., higher or lower), at especially high temperatures (i.e., 70-120° C.) and/or extreme pH (i.e. low or high pH, i.e, pH 4-6 or pH 8-11, respectively), in particular at free (i.e., unbound, therefore in solution) calcium concentrations below 60 ppm, include any of the mutations listed in the “Altered Properties” section. The stability may be determined as described in the “Methods” section below.

8.3 Altered Properties: Ca²⁺ Stability

Altered Ca²⁺ stability means the stability of the enzyme under Ca²⁺ depletion has been improved, i.e., higher or lower stability, relative to the parent enzyme. In the context of the presently described variants, mutations (including amino acid substitutions and deletions) of importance with respect to achieving altered Ca²⁺ stability, in particular improved Ca²⁺ stability, i.e., higher or lower stability, at especially high pH (i.e., pH 8-10.5) include any of the mutations listed in the “Altered Properties” section.

8.4 Altered Properties: Specific Activity

In a further aspect, important mutations (including amino acid substitutions and deletions) with respect to obtaining variants exhibiting altered specific activity, in particular increased or decreased specific activity, especially at temperatures from 10-60° C., preferably 20-50° C., especially 30-40° C., include any of the mutations listed in the in “Altered properties” section. The specific activity may be determined as described in the “Methods” section below.

8.5 Altered Properties: Oxidation Stability

The described variants may have altered oxidation stability, in particular higher oxidation stability, in comparison to the parent alpha-amylase. Increased oxidation stability is advantageous in, e.g., detergent compositions and decreased oxidation stability may be advantageous in compositions intended for starch liquefaction. Oxidation stability may be determined as described in the “Methods” section below.

8.6 Altered Properties: Altered pH Profile

Important positions and mutations with respect to obtaining variants with altered pH profile, in particular improved activity at especially high pH (i.e., pH 8-10.5) or low pH (i.e., pH 4-6) include mutations of amino residues located close to the active site residues.

Preferred specific mutations/substitutions include those listed above in the section “Altered Properties” for the positions in question. Suitable assays are described in the “Methods” section below.

8.7 Altered Properties: Wash Performance

Important positions and mutations with respect to obtaining variants with improved wash performance at especially high pH (i.e., pH 8.5-11) include the specific mutations/substitutions listed above in the section “Altered Properties” for the positions in question. The wash performance may be tested as described below in the “Methods” section.

9. Methods of Preparing α-Amylase Variants

Methods for introducing mutations into genes are known in the art, as are cloning methods for α-amylase-encoding DNA sequences. Such methods including methods for generating mutations at specific sites within the α-amylase-encoding sequence will be discussed below.

9.1 Cloning a DNA Sequence Encoding an α-Amylase

The DNA sequence encoding a parent α-amylase may be isolated from any cell or microorganism producing the α-amylase in question, using various methods well known in the art. First, a genomic DNA and/or cDNA library should be constructed using chromosomal DNA or messenger RNA from the organism that produces the α-amylase to be studied. If the amino acid sequence of the α-amylase is known, homologous, labeled oligonucleotide probes may be synthesized and used to identify α-amylase-encoding clones from a genomic library prepared from the organism in question. Alternatively, a labeled oligonucleotide probe containing sequences homologous to a known α-amylase gene can be used as a probe to identify α-amylase-encoding clones, e.g., using hybridization and washing conditions of lower stringency.

Another method for identifying α-amylase-encoding clones is based on inserting fragments of genomic DNA into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, transforming α-amylase-negative bacteria with the resulting genomic DNA library, and plating the transformed bacteria onto agar containing a substrate for α-amylase, thereby allowing clones expressing the α-amylase to be readily identified.

Alternatively, the DNA sequence encoding the enzyme may be prepared synthetically by established, standard methods, e.g. the phosphoamidite method described by S. L. Beaucage and M. H. Caruthers, Tetrahedron Letters 22: 1859-1869 (1981) or the method described by Matthes et al., EMBO J. 3:801-895 (1984). In the phosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, e.g., in an automatic DNA synthesizer, purified, annealed, ligated, and cloned in appropriate vectors.

Finally, the DNA sequence may be of mixed origin comprising e.g., genomic and synthetic sequences, synthetic and cDNA sequences, or genomic and cDNA sequences, prepared by ligating fragments of synthetic, genomic, or cDNA origin (as appropriate, the fragments corresponding to various parts of the entire DNA sequence), in accordance with standard techniques. The DNA sequence may also be prepared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers, for instance as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 or R. K. Saiki et al. EMBO J. 3:801-895 (1988).

9.2 Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Once an α-amylase-encoding DNA sequence has been isolated, and desirable sites for mutation identified, mutations may be introduced using synthetic oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides contain nucleotide sequences flanking the desired mutation sites; mutant nucleotides are inserted during oligonucleotide synthesis. In a specific method, a single-stranded gap of DNA, bridging the α-amylase-encoding sequence, is created in a vector carrying the α-amylase gene. Then the synthetic nucleotide, bearing the desired mutation, is annealed to a homologous portion of the single-stranded DNA. The remaining gap is then filled in with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and the construct is ligated using T4 ligase. A specific example of this method is described in Morinaga et al. Biotechnology 2:636-639 (1984). U.S. Pat. No. 4,760,025 discloses the introduction of oligonucleotides encoding multiple mutations by performing minor alterations of the cassette. However, an even greater variety of mutations can be introduced at any one time by the Morinaga method, because a multitude of oligonucleotides, of various lengths, can be introduced.

Another method of introducing mutations into α-amylase-encoding DNA sequences is described in Nelson and Long, Analytical Biochem., 180:147-151 (1989). It involves the 3-step generation of a PCR fragment containing the desired mutation introduced by using a chemically synthesized DNA strand as one of the primers in the PCR reactions. From the PCR-generated fragment, a DNA fragment carrying the mutation may be isolated by cleavage with restriction endonucleases and reinserted into an expression plasmid.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that many alternative methods are available for providing or obtaining variants herein. For example, gene shuffling, e.g., as described in WO 95/22625 (from Affymax Technologies N.V.) or in WO 96/00343 (from Novo Nordisk A/S), or other corresponding techniques resulting in hybrid enzymes comprising the mutation(s), e.g., substitution(s) and/or deletion(s), in question.

9.3 Expression of Alpha-Amylase Variants

A DNA sequence encoding the variant produced by methods described above, or by any alternative methods known in the art, can be expressed, in enzyme form, using an expression vector which typically includes control sequences encoding a promoter, operator, ribosome binding site, translation initiation signal, and, optionally, a repressor gene or various activator genes.

The recombinant expression vector carrying the DNA sequence encoding an alpha-amylase variant for use herein may be any vector, which may conveniently be subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector that exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, a bacteriophage, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. Alternatively, the vector may be integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.

In the vector, the DNA sequence should be operably-connected to a suitable promoter sequence. The promoter may be any DNA sequence, which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA sequence encoding an alpha-amylase variant for use herein, especially in a bacterial host, are the promoter of the lac operon of E. coli, the Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene dagA promoters, the promoters of the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), the promoters of the Geobacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), the promoters of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase (amyQ), the promoters of the Bacillus subtilis xylA and xylB genes etc. For transcription in a fungal host, examples of useful promoters are those derived from the gene encoding A. oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, A. niger neutral alpha-amylase, A. niger acid stable alpha-amylase, A. niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei lipase, A. oryzae alkaline protease, A. oryzae triose phosphate isomerase or A. nidulans acetamidase.

Expression vectors for use herein may also comprise a suitable transcription terminator and, in eukaryotes, polyadenylation sequences operably-connected to the DNA sequence encoding the alpha-amylase variant. Termination and polyadenylation sequences may suitably be derived from the same sources as the promoter.

The vector may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. Examples of such sequences are the origins of replication of plasmids pUC19, pACYC177, pUB110, pE194, pAMB1 and pIJ702.

The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the dal genes from B. subtilis or B. licheniformis, or one that confers antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracyclin resistance. Furthermore, the vector may comprise Aspergillus selection markers such as amdS, argB, niaD, and sC, a marker giving rise to hygromycin resistance, or the selection may be accomplished by co-transformation, e.g., as described in WO 91/17243.

While intracellular expression may be advantageous in some respects, e.g., when using certain bacteria as host cells, it is generally preferred that the expression is extracellular. In general, the Bacillus alpha-amylases mentioned herein comprise a pre-region permitting secretion of the expressed protease into the culture medium. If desirable, this pre-region may be replaced by a different pre-region or signal sequence, conveniently accomplished by substitution of the DNA sequences encoding the respective pre-regions.

The procedures used to ligate a DNA construct encoding an alpha-amylase variant, the promoter, terminator and other elements, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2^(nd) Ed., Cold Spring Harbor, 1989).

Cells for use herein, e.g. comprising a DNA construct or an expression vector as defined above, can be used as host cells in the recombinant production of an alpha-amylase variant. The cell may be transformed with a DNA construct encoding the variant, conveniently by integrating the DNA construct (in one or more copies) in the host chromosome. This integration is generally considered to be an advantage as the DNA sequence is more likely to be stably maintained in the cell. Integration of the DNA constructs into the host chromosome may be performed according to conventional methods, e.g., by homologous or heterologous recombination. Alternatively, the cell may be transformed with an expression vector as described above in connection with the different types of host cells.

Cells for use herein may be cells of a higher organism such as a mammal or an insect, but are preferably microbial cells, e.g., a bacterial or a fungal (including yeast) cell.

Examples of suitable bacteria are Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus brevis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, or Streptomyces lividans or Streptomyces murinus, or gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. The transformation of the bacteria may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation or by using competent cells in a manner known per se.

Where used for expression, a yeast may favorably be selected from a species of Saccharomyces or Schizosaccharomyces, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A filamentous fungus may advantageously be selected from a species of Aspergillus, e.g., Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger. Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation and transformation of the protoplasts followed by regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se. A suitable procedure for transformation of Aspergillus host cells is described in EP 238 023.

In a yet further aspect, the disclosure relates to a method of producing an alpha-amylase variant, which method comprises cultivating a host cell as described above under conditions conducive to the production of the variant and recovering the variant from the cells and/or culture medium.

The medium used to cultivate the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cell in question and obtaining expression of the alpha-amylase variant. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g., as described in catalogues of the ATCC).

The alpha-amylase variant secreted from the host cells may be recovered from the culture medium by known procedures, including separating the cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, and precipitating proteinaceous components of the medium by means of a salt such as ammonium sulphate, followed by the use of chromatographic procedures such as ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.

9.4 Methods for Characterizing and Screening Variants

9.4.1 Filter Screening Assays

The below assays may be used to screening of AmyS-like alpha-amylase variants having altered stability at high or low pH and/or under Ca²⁺ depleted conditions compared to the parent enzyme and AmyS-like alpha-amylase.

9.4.2 High pH Filter Assay

Bacillus libraries are plated on a sandwich of cellulose acetate (OE 67, Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany)—and nitrocellulose filters (Protran-Ba 85, Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany) on TY agar plates with 10 micro g/ml kanamycin at 37° C. for at least 21 hours. The cellulose acetate layer is located on the TY agar plate.

Each filter sandwich is specifically marked with a needle after plating, but before incubation in order to be able to localize positive variants on the filter and the nitrocellulose filter with bound variants is transferred to a container with glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 8.6-10.6 and incubated at room temperature (can be altered from 10-60° C.) for 15 min. The cellulose acetate filters with colonies are stored on the TY-plates at room temperature until use. After incubation, residual activity is detected on plates containing 1% agarose, 0.2% starch in glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 8.6-10.6. The assay plates with nitrocellulose filters are marked the same way as the filter sandwich and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. After removal of the filters, the assay plates are stained with 10% Lugol solution. Starch degrading variants are detected as white spots on dark blue background and then identified on the storage plates. Positive variants are rescreened twice under the same conditions as the first screen.

9.4.3 Low Calcium Filter Assay

Bacillus libraries are plated on a sandwich of cellulose acetate (OE 67, Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany)—and nitrocellulose filters (Protran-Ba 85, Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany) on TY agar plates with a relevant antibiotic, e.g., kanamycin or chloramphenicol, at 37° C. for at least 21 hours. The cellulose-acetate layer is located on the TY agar plate.

Each filter sandwich is specifically marked with a needle after plating, but before incubation in order to be able to localize positive variants on the filter and the nitrocellulose filter with bound variants is transferred to a container with carbonate/bicarbonate buffer pH 8.5-10 and with different EDTA concentrations (0.001 mM-100 mM). The filters are incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The cellulose acetate filters with colonies are stored on the TY-plates at room temperature until use. After incubation, residual activity is detected on plates containing 1% agarose, 0.2% starch in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer pH 8.5-10. The assay plates with nitrocellulose filters are marked the same way as the filter sandwich and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. After removal of the filters the assay plates are stained with 10% Lugol solution. Starch degrading variants are detected as white spots on dark blue background and then identified on the storage plates. Positive variants are rescreened twice under the same conditions as the first screen.

9.4.4 Low pH Filter Assay

Bacillus libraries are plated on a sandwich of cellulose acetate (OE 67, Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany)—and nitrocellulose filters (Protran-Ba 85, Schleicher & Schuell, Dasseli Germany) on TY agar plates with 10 micro g/ml chloramphenicol at 37° C. for at least 21 hours. The cellulose acetate layer is located on the TY agar plate.

Each filter sandwich is specifically marked with a needle after plating, but before incubation in order to be able to localize positive variants on the filter, and the nitrocellulose filter with bound variants is transferred to a container with citrate buffer, pH 4.5 and incubated at 80° C. for 20 minutes (when screening for variants in the wild-type backbone) or at 85° C. for 60 minutes (when screening for variants of the parent alpha-amylase). The cellulose acetate filters with colonies are stored on the TY-plates at room temperature until use. After incubation, residual activity is detected on assay plates containing 1% agarose, 0.2% starch in citrate buffer, pH 6.0. The assay plates with nitrocellulose filters are marked the same way as the filter sandwich and incubated for 2 hours at 50° C. After removal of the filters, the assay plates are stained with 10% Lugol solution. Starch degrading variants are detected as white spots on dark blue background and then identified on the storage plates. Positive variants are re-screened twice under the same conditions as the first screen.

9.4.5 Secondary Screening

Positive transformants after rescreening are picked from the storage plate and tested in a secondary plate assay. Positive transformants are grown for 22 hours at 37° C. in 5 mL LB+chloramphenicol. The Bacillus culture of each positive transformant and as a control a clone expressing the corresponding backbone are incubated in citrate buffer, pH 4.5 at 90° C. and samples are taken at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 minutes. A 3 μL sample is spotted on an assay plate. The assay plate is stained with 10% Lugol solution. Improved variants are seen as variants with higher residual activity (detected as halos on the assay plate) than the backbone. The improved variants are determined by nucleotide sequencing.

9.4.6 Stability Assay of Unpurified Variants

The stability of the variants may be assayed as follows: Bacillus cultures expressing the variants to be analyzed are grown for 21 hours at 37° C. in 10 mLLB with chloramphenicol. 800 microliter culture is mixed with 200 microliter citrate buffer, pH 4.5. A number of 70 μL aliquots corresponding to the number of sample time points are made in PCR tubes and incubated at 70° C. or 90° C. for various time points (typically 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes) in a PCR machine. The 0 min sample is not incubated at high temperature. Activity in the sample is measured by transferring 20 microliter to 200 microliter of the alpha-amylase PNP-G₇ substrate MPR3 ((Boehringer Mannheim Cat. No. 1660730) as described below under “Assays for Alpha-Amylase Activity”. Results are plotted as percentage activity (relative to the 0 time point) versus time, or stated as percentage residual activity after incubation for a certain period of time.

9.4.7 Fermentation and Purification of Alpha-Amylase Variants

A B. subtilis strain harboring the relevant expression plasmid may be fermented and purified as follows: The strain is streaked on a LB-agar plate with 10 μg/ml kanamycin from −80° C. stock, and grown overnight at 37° C. The colonies are transferred to 100 mL PS-1 media supplemented with 10 μg/ml chloramphenicol in a 500 mL shaking flask.

Composition of PS-1 medium Pearl sugar 100 g/l Soy Bean Meal 40 g/l Na₂HPO₄, 12 H₂O 10 g/l Pluronic ™ PE 6100 0.1 g/l CaCO₃ 5 g/l The culture is shaken at 37° C. at 270 rpm for 5 days.

Cells and cell debris are removed from the fermentation broth by centrifugation at 4500 rpm in 20-25 minutes. Afterwards the supernatant is filtered to obtain a completely clear solution. The filtrate is concentrated and washed on a UF-filter (10000 cut off membrane) and the buffer is changed to 20 mM acetate pH 5.5. The UF-filtrate is applied on an S-SEPHAROSE F.F. and elution is carried out by step elution with 0.2M NaCl in the same buffer. The eluate is dialyzed against 10 mM Tris, pH 9.0 and applied on a Q-SEPHAROSE F.F. and eluted with a linear gradient from 0-0.3M NaCl over 6 column volumes. The fractions that contain the activity (measured by the PHADEBAS assay) are pooled, pH was adjusted to pH 7.5 and remaining color was removed by treatment with 0.5% w/v active charcoal in 5 minutes.

9.4.8 Specific Activity Determination

The specific activity is determined using the PHADEBAS® assay (Magle Life Sciences) as activity/mg enzyme. The manufactures instructions are followed (see also below under “Assay for Alpha-Amylase Activity).

9.4.9 Determination of Isoelectric Point

The pI is determined by isoelectric focusing (ex: Pharmacia, Ampholine, pH 3.5-9.3).

9.4.10 Stability Determination

The amylase stability may be measured using the method as follows:

The enzyme is incubated under the relevant conditions. Samples are taken at various time points, e.g., after 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes and diluted 25 times (same dilution for all taken samples) in assay buffer (50 mM Britton buffer pH 7.3) and the activity is measured using the PHADEBAS assay (Magle Life Sciences) under standard conditions pH 7.3, 37° C.

The activity measured before incubation (0 minutes) is used as reference (100%). The decline in percent is calculated as a function of the incubation time. The table shows the residual activity after, e.g., 30 minutes of incubation.

9.4.11 Assays for Alpha-Amylase Activity

1. PHADEBAS Assay

Alpha-amylase activity is determined by a method employing PHADEBAS® tablets as substrate. PHADEBAS tablets (PHADEBAS® Amylase Test, supplied by Magle Life Sciences) contain a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which has been mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance and tablet.

For every single measurement one tablet is suspended in a tube containing 5 m L50 mM Britton-Robinson buffer (50 mM acetic acid, 50 mM phosphoric add, 50 mM boric acid, 0.1 mM CaCl₂, pH adjusted to the value of interest with NaOH). The test is performed in a water bath at the temperature of interest. The alpha-amylase to be tested is diluted in 50 mM Britton-Robinson buffer. One milliliter of this alpha-amylase solution is added to the 5 mL 50 mM Britton-Robinson buffer. The starch is hydrolyzed by the alpha-amylase giving soluble blue fragments. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, measured spectrophotometrically at 620 nm, is a function of the alpha-amylase activity.

It is important that the measured 620 nm absorbance after 10 or 15 minutes of incubation (testing time) is in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 absorbance units at 620 nm. In this absorbance range, there is linearity between activity and absorbance (Lambert-Beer law). The dilution of the enzyme must therefore be adjusted to fit this criterion. Under a specified set of conditions (temp., pH, reaction time, buffer conditions), 1 mg of a given alpha-amylase will hydrolyze a certain amount of substrate and a blue color will be produced. The color intensity is measured at 620 nm. The measured absorbance is directly proportional to the specific activity (activity/mg of pure alpha-amylase protein) of the alpha-amylase in question under the given set of conditions.

2. Alternative Method

Alpha-amylase activity is determined by a method employing the PNP-G₇ substrate. PNP-G₇ which is a abbreviation for p-nitrophenyl-alpha,D-maltoheptaoside is a blocked oligosaccharide which can be cleaved by an endo-amylase. Following the cleavage, the alpha-Glucosidase included in the kit digest the substrate to liberate a free PNP molecule which has a yellow color and thus can be measured by visible spectrophotometry at λ=405 nm (400-420 nm). Kits containing PNP-G₇ substrate and alpha-Glucosidase is manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim (cat. No. 1054635).

To prepare the reagent solution 10 mL of substrate/buffer solution is added to 50 mL enzyme/buffer solution as recommended by the manufacturer. The assay is performed by transferring 20 micro I sample to a 96 well microtitre plate and incubating at 25° C. 200 μL reagent solution pre-equilibrated to 25° C. is added. The solution is mixed, and pre-incubated 1 minute, and absorption is measured every 30 seconds over 4 minutes at OD 405 mm in an ELISA reader.

The slope of the time dependent absorption-curve is directly proportional to the activity of the alpha-amylase in question under the given set of conditions.

9.4.12 Determination of LAS Sensitivity

The variant is incubated with different concentrations of LAS (linear alkyl benzene sulphonate; Nansa 1169/P) for 10 minutes at 40° C.

The residual activity is determined using the PHADEBAS® assay method or the alternative method employing the PNP-G₇ substrate.

LAS is diluted in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.5.

The following concentrations are used:

500 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, and 10 ppm on no LAS.

The variant is diluted in the different LAS buffers to concentration of 0.01-5 mg/l in a total volume of 10 mL and incubated for 10 minutes in a temperature controlled water bath. The incubation is stopped by transferring a small aliquot into cold assay buffer. It is important that during activity measurement the LAS concentration is below 1 ppm, in order not to affect the activity measurement. The residual activity is determined in duplicate using the above mentioned PHADEBAS® assay or alternative method. The activity is measured after subtraction of the blank. The activity with no LAS is 100%.

10. Methods of Using the Amylase Variants: Industrial Applications

The alpha-amylase variants presented herein possess valuable properties allowing for a variety of industrial applications. One or more of the variant enzymes or compositions described herein may also be used in detergents, in particular laundry detergent compositions and dishwashing detergent compositions, hard surface cleaning compositions, and in composition for desizing of textiles, fabrics or garments, for production of pulp and paper, beer making, ethanol production, and starch conversion processes as described above.

One or more of the variants with altered properties may be used for starch processes, in particular starch conversion, especially liquefaction of starch (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,590, EP Patent Application Nos. 252,730 and 63,909, WO 99/19467, and WO 96/28567 all references hereby incorporated by reference). Also contemplated are compositions for starch conversion purposes, which may also comprise a glucoamylase, pullulanase, and/or other alpha-amylase(s).

Further, one or more of the variants are also particularly useful in the production of sweeteners and ethanol (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,017 hereby incorporated by reference), such as fuel, drinking and industrial ethanol, from starch or whole grains.

The variants herein may also be useful for desizing of textiles, fabrics, and garments (see, e.g., WO 95/21247, U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,736, EP 119,920 hereby incorporated by reference), beer making or brewing, and in pulp and paper production or related processes.

10.1 Pre-Treatment of Native Starch

Native starch consists of microscopic granules, which are insoluble in water at room temperature. When an aqueous starch slurry is heated, the granules swell and eventually burst, dispersing the starch molecules into the solution. During this “gelatinization” process there is a dramatic increase in viscosity. As the solids level is 30-40% in a typical industrial process, the starch has to be thinned or “liquefied” so that it can be suitably processed. This reduction in viscosity is primarily attained by enzymatic degradation in current commercial practice.

10.2 Starch Conversion

Conventional starch-conversion processes, such as liquefaction and saccharification processes are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,590 and EP Patent Publications Nos. 252,730 and 63,909, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

In an embodiment, the conversion process degrading starch to lower molecular weight carbohydrate components such as sugars or fat replacers includes a debranching step.

10.3 Starch to Sugar Conversion

In the case of converting starch into a sugar, the starch is depolymerized. Such a depolymerization process consists of, e.g., a pre-treatment step and two or three consecutive process steps, viz a liquefaction process, a saccharification process, and depending on the desired end-product, an optional isomerization process.

10.4 Isomerization

When the desired final sugar product is, e.g., high fructose syrup the dextrose syrup may be converted into fructose. After the saccharification process, the pH is increased to a value in the range of 6-8, preferably pH 7.5, and the calcium is removed by ion exchange. The dextrose syrup is then converted into high fructose syrup using, e.g., an immobilized glucose isomerase (such as Gensweet® IGI-HF).

10.5 Ethanol Production, Other Fermentation

In general, alcohol production (ethanol) from whole grain can be separated into 4 main steps:

Milling

Liquefaction

Saccharification

Fermentation

10.6 Milling

The grain is milled in order to open up the structure and allow for further processing. Two processes used are wet or dry milling. In dry milling, the whole kernel is milled and used in the remaining part of the process. Wet milling gives a very good separation of germ and meal (starch granules and protein) and is with a few exceptions applied at locations where there is a parallel production of syrups.

10.7 Liquefaction

In the liquefaction process the starch granules are solubilized by hydrolysis to maltodextrins mostly of a DP higher than 4. The hydrolysis may be carried out by acid treatment or enzymatically by alpha-amylase. Acid hydrolysis is used on a limited basis.

The raw material can be milled whole grain or a side stream from starch processing.

During a typical enzymatic liquefaction, the long-chained starch is degraded into branched and linear shorter units (maltodextrins) by an alpha-amylase. Enzymatic liquefaction is generally carried out as a three-step hot slurry process. The slurry is heated to between 60-95° C. (preferably 77-86° C., 80-85° C., and 83-85° C.) and the enzyme(s) is (are) added. The liquefaction process is carried out at 105-11° C. for 5 to 10 minutes followed by 1-2 hours at 95° C. The pH is generally between 5.5 and 6.2. In order to ensure optimal enzyme stability under these conditions, 1 mM of calcium is added (to provide about 40 ppm free calcium ions). After such treatment, the liquefied starch will have a “dextrose equivalent” (DE) of 10-15.

The slurry is subsequently jet-cooked at between 95-140° C., preferably 105-125° C., cooled to 60-95° C. and more enzyme(s) is (are) added to obtain the final hydrolysis. The liquefaction process is carried out at pH 4.5-6.5, typically at a pH between 5 and 6. Milled and liquefied grain is also known as mash.

10.8 Saccharification and Fermentation

Liquefied starch-containing material is saccharified in the presence of saccharifying enzymes such as glucoamylases. The saccharification process may last for 12 hours to 120 hours (e.g. 12 to 90 hours, 12 to 60 hours and 12 to 48 hours). However, it is common to perform a pre-saccharification step for about 30 minutes to 2 hours (e.g., 30 to 90 minutes) in a temperature range of 30 to 65° C. and typically around 60° C. which is followed by a complete saccharification during fermentation referred to as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The pH is usually between 4.2-4.8, preferably pH 4.5. In a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, there is no holding stage for saccharification, rather, the yeast and enzymes are added together.

In a typical saccharification process, maltodextrins produced during liquefaction are converted into dextrose by addition of a glucoamylase (e.g., OPTIDEX® L-400) and a debranching enzyme, such as an isoamylase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,208) or a pullulanase. The temperature is lowered to 60° C., prior to addition of the glucoamylase and debranching enzyme are added. The saccharification process proceeds for 24-72 hours.

Prior to addition of the saccharifying enzymes, the pH is reduced to below 4.5, while maintaining a high temperature (above 95° C.), to inactivate the liquefying alpha-amylase. This process reduces the formation of short oligosaccharide called “panose precursors,” which cannot be hydrolyzed properly by the debranching enzyme. Normally, about 0.2-0.5% of the saccharification product is the branched trisaccharide panose (Glc pα1-6Glc pα1-4Glc), which cannot be degraded by a pullulanase. If active amylase from the liquefaction remains present during saccharification (i.e., no denaturing), the amount of panose can be as high as 1-2%, which is highly undesirable since it lowers the saccharification yield significantly.

Fermentable sugars, (e.g. dextrins, monosaccharides, particularly glucose) are produced from enzymatic saccharification. These fermentable sugars may be further purified and/or converted to useful sugar products. In addition, the sugars may be used as a fermentation feedstock in a microbial fermentation process for producing end-products, such as alcohol (e.g., ethanol and butanol), organic acids (e.g., succinic acid and lactic acid), sugar alcohols (e.g., glycerol), ascorbic acid intermediates (e.g., gluconate, 2-keto-D-gluconate, 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate, and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid), amino acids (e.g., lysine), proteins (e.g., antibodies and fragment thereof).

In a preferred embodiment, the fermentable sugars obtained during the liquefaction process steps are used to produce alcohol and particularly ethanol. In ethanol production, a SSF process is commonly used wherein the saccharifying enzymes and fermenting organisms (e.g., yeast) are added together and then carried out at a temperature of 30° C. to 40° C.

The organism used in fermentations will depend on the desired end-product. Typically, if ethanol is the desired end product yeast will be used as the fermenting organism. In some preferred embodiments, the ethanol-producing microorganism is a yeast and specifically Saccharomyces such as strains of S. cerevisiae (U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,956). A variety of S. cerevisiae are commercially available and these include but are not limited to FALI (Fleischmann's Yeast), SUPERSTART (Alltech), FERMIOL (DSM Specialties), RED STAR (Lesaffre) and Angel alcohol yeast (Angel Yeast Company, China). The amount of starter yeast employed in the methods is an amount effective to produce a commercially significant amount of ethanol in a suitable amount of time, (e.g. to produce at least 10% ethanol from a substrate having between 25-40% DS in less than 72 hours). Yeast cells are generally supplied in amounts of about 10⁴ to about 10¹², and preferably from about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰ viable yeast count per mL of fermentation broth. After yeast is added to the mash, it is typically subjected to fermentation for about 24-96 hours, e.g., 35-60 hours. The temperature is between about 26-34° C., typically at about 32° C., and the pH is from pH 3-6, preferably around pH 4-5.

The fermentation may include, in addition to a fermenting microorganisms (e.g. yeast), nutrients, and additional enzymes, including phytases. The use of yeast in fermentation is well known and reference is made to THE ALCOHOL TEXTBOOK, K. JACQUES ET AL., EDS. 1999, NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS, UK.

In further embodiments, use of appropriate fermenting microorganisms, as is known in the art, can result in fermentation end product including, e.g., glycerol, 1,3-propanediol, gluconate, 2-keto-D-gluconate, 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, amino acids, and derivatives thereof. More specifically when lactic acid is the desired end product, a Lactobacillus sp. (L. casei) may be used; when glycerol or 1,3-propanediol are the desired end-products E. coli may be used; and when 2-keto-D-gluconate, 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate, and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid are the desired end products, Pantoea citrea may be used as the fermenting microorganism. The above enumerated list are only examples and one skilled in the art will be aware of a number of fermenting microorganisms that may be used to obtain a desired end product.

10.9 Beer Making

The variant alpha-amylases provided for herein may also be very useful in a beer-making process and similar fermentations; the alpha-amylases will typically be added during the mashing process. The process is substantially similar to the milling, liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation processes described above.

10.10 Using Amylase Variants for Starch Slurry Processing with Stillage

Milled starch-containing material is combined with water and recycled thin-stillage resulting in an aqueous slurry. The slurry can comprise between 15 to 55% ds w/w (e.g., 20 to 50%, 25 to 50%, 25 to 45%, 25 to 40%, 20 to 35% and 30-36% ds). In some embodiments, the recycled thin-stillage (backset) is in the range of about 10 to 70% v/v (e.g., 10 to 60%, 10 to 50%, 10 to 40%, 10 to 30%, 10 to 20%, 20 to 60%, 20 to 50%, 20 to 40% and also 20 to 30%).

Once the milled starch-containing material is combined with water and backset, the pH is not adjusted in the slurry. Further the pH is not adjusted after the addition of phytase and optionally alpha-amylase to the slurry. In a preferred embodiment, the pH of the slurry will be in the range of about pH 4.5 to less than about 6.0 (e.g., pH 4.5 to 5.8, pH4.5 to 5.6, pH4.8 to 5.8, pH5.0 to 5.8, pH5.0 to 5.4, pH5.2 to 5.5 and pH5.2 to 5.9). The pH of the slurry may be between about pH 4.5 and 5.2 depending on the amount of thin stillage added to the slurry and the type of material comprising the thin stillage. For example, the pH of the thin stillage may be between pH 3.8 and pH 4.5. As a further example, Table B below illustrates the pH change that occurs with addition of increasing amounts of thin stillage to a whole ground corn slurry (32% ds) after stirring for 2 hours at 155° F.

TABLE B Thin stillage w/w % Final pH 0 5.52 20 5.29 40 5.16 50 5.09 60 5.05 80 4.98 100 4.94

During ethanol production, acids can be added to lower the pH in the beer well, to reduce the risk of microbial contamination prior to distillation.

In some embodiments, phytase is added to the slurry. In other embodiments, in addition to phytase, alpha-amylase is added to the slurry. In some embodiments, phytase and alpha-amylase are added to the slurry sequentially. In other embodiments, phytase and alpha-amylase are added simultaneously. In some embodiments, the slurry comprising phytase and optionally, alpha-amylase, are incubated (pretreated) for a period of about 5 minutes to about 8 hours (e.g., 5 minutes to 6 hours, 5 minutes to 4 hours, 5 minutes to 2 hours, and 15 minutes to 4 hours). In other embodiments, the slurry is incubated at a temperature in the range of about 40 to 115° C., (e.g. 45 to 80° C., 50 to 70° C., 50 to 75° C., 60 to 110° C., 60 to 95° C., 70 to 110° C., 70 to 85° C. and 77 to 86° C.).

In other embodiments, the slurry is incubated at a temperature of about 0 to about 30° C. (e.g. 0 to 25° C., 0 to 20° C., 0 to 15° C., 0 to 10° C. and 0 to 5° C.) below the starch gelatinization temperature of the starch-containing material. In some embodiments, the temperature is below about 68° C., below about 65° C., below about 62° C., below about 60° C. and below about 55° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is above about 45° C., above about 50° C., above about 55° C. and above about 60° C. In some embodiments, the incubation of the slurry comprising a phytase and an alpha-amylase at a temperature below the starch gelatinization temperature is referred to as a primary (1°) liquefaction.

In one embodiment, the milled starch-containing material is corn or milo. The slurry comprises 25 to 40% ds, the pH is in the range of 4.8 to 5.2, and the slurry is incubated with a phytase and optionally an alpha-amylase for 5 minutes to 2 hours, at a temperature range of 60 to 75° C.

Currently, it is believed that commercially-available microbial alpha-amylases used in the liquefaction process are generally not stable enough to produce liquefied starch substrate from a dry mill process using whole ground grain at a temperature above about 80° C. at a pH level that is less than pH 5.6. The stability of many commercially available alpha-amylases is reduced at a pH of less than about 4.0.

In a further liquefaction step, the incubated or pretreated starch-containing material is exposed to an increase in temperature such as about 0 to about 45° C. above the starch gelatinization temperature of the starch-containing material (e.g. 70° C. to 120° C., 70° C. to 110° C., and 70° C. to 90° C.) for a period of time of about 2 minutes to about 6 hours (e.g. 2 minutes to 4 hrs, 90 minutes, 140 minutes and 90 to 140 minutes) at a pH of about 4.0 to 5.5 more preferably between 1 hour to 2 hours. The temperature can be increased by a conventional high temperature jet cooking system for a short period of time, for example, for 1 to 15 minutes. Then the starch maybe further hydrolyzed at a temperature ranging from about 75° C. to 95° C., (e.g., 80° C. to 90° C. and 80° C. to 85° C.) for a period of about 15 to 150 minutes (e.g., 30 to 120 minutes). In a preferred embodiment, the pH is not adjusted during these process steps and the pH of the liquefied mash is in the range of about pH 4.0 to pH 5.8 (e.g., pH 4.5 to 5.8, pH 4.8 to 5.4, and pH 5.0 to 5.2). In some embodiments, a second dose of thermostable alpha-amylase is added to the secondary liquefaction step, but in other embodiments there is no additional dosage of alpha-amylase.

The incubation and liquefaction steps may be followed by saccharification and fermentation steps well known in the art.

10.11 Distillation

Optionally, following fermentation, alcohol (e.g., ethanol) may be extracted by, for example, distillation and optionally followed by one or more process steps.

In some embodiments, the yield of ethanol produced by the methods provided herein is at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 12%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17% and at least 18% (v/v) and at least 23% v/v. The ethanol obtained according to the process provided herein may be used as, for example, fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, i.e., potable neutral spirits, or industrial ethanol.

10.12 By-Products

Left over from the fermentation is the grain, which is typically used for animal feed either in liquid or dried form. In further embodiments, the end product may include the fermentation co-products such as distiller's dried grains (DDG) and distiller's dried grain plus solubles (DDGS), which may be used, for example, as an animal feed.

Further details on how to carry out liquefaction, saccharification, fermentation, distillation, and recovery of ethanol are well known to the skilled person.

According to the process provided herein, the saccharification and fermentation may be carried out simultaneously or separately.

10.13 Pulp and Paper Production

The variant alkaline alpha-amylase may also be used in the production of lignocellulosic materials, such as pulp, paper and cardboard, from starch reinforced waste paper and cardboard, especially where re-pulping occurs at pH above 7 and where amylases facilitate the disintegration of the waste material through degradation of the reinforcing starch. The alpha-amylase variants are especially useful in a process for producing a papermaking pulp from starch-coated printed-paper. The process may be performed as described in WO 95/14807, comprising the following steps:

a) disintegrating the paper to produce a pulp,

b) treating with a starch-degrading enzyme before, during or after step a), and

c) separating ink particles from the pulp after steps a) and b).

The alpha-amylases may also be very useful in modifying starch where enzymatically modified starch is used in papermaking together with alkaline fillers such as calcium carbonate, kaolin and clays. With the alkaline alpha-amylase variants it is possible to modify the starch in the presence of the filler thus allowing for a simpler integrated process.

10.14 Desizing of Textiles, Fabrics and Garments

An alpha-amylase variant may also be very useful in textile, fabric or garment desizing. In the textile processing industry, alpha-amylases are traditionally used as auxiliaries in the desizing process to facilitate the removal of starch-containing size, which has served as a protective coating on weft yams during weaving. Complete removal of the size coating after weaving is important to ensure optimum results in the subsequent processes, in which the fabric is scoured, bleached and dyed. Enzymatic starch breakdown is preferred because it does not involve any harmful effect on the fiber material. In order to reduce processing cost and increase mill throughput, the desizing processing is sometimes combined with the scouring and bleaching steps. In such cases, non-enzymatic auxiliaries such as alkali or oxidation agents are typically used to break down the starch, because traditional alpha-amylases are not very compatible with high pH levels and bleaching agents. The non-enzymatic breakdown of the starch size does lead to some fiber damage because of the rather aggressive chemicals used. Accordingly, it would be desirable to use the alpha-amylase variants as they have an improved performance in alkaline solutions. The alpha-amylases may be used alone or in combination with a cellulase when desizing cellulose-containing fabric or textile.

Desizing and bleaching processes are well known in the art. For instance, such processes are described in e.g., WO 95/21247, U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,736, EP 119,920 hereby incorporated by reference.

Commercially available products for desizing include OPTISIZE® FLEX from Genencor.

10.15 Cleaning Processes and Detergent Compositions

The variant alpha-amylases described herein may be added to and thus become a component of a detergent composition for various cleaning or washing processes, including laundry and dishwashing.

The detergent composition provided for herein may for example be formulated as a hand or machine laundry detergent composition, including a laundry additive composition suitable for pretreatment of stained fabrics and a rinse added fabric softener composition or be formulated as a detergent composition for use in general household hard surface cleaning operations, or be formulated for hand or machine dishwashing operations.

In a specific aspect, there is provided for herein a detergent additive comprising a variant enzyme described herein. The detergent additive as well as the detergent composition may comprise one or more other enzymes such as a protease, a lipase, a peroxidase, another amylolytic enzyme, e.g., another alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, maltogenic amylase, CGTase and/or a cellulase mannanase (such as MANNASTAR™ from Danisco US Inc., Genencor Division)), pectinase, pectin lyase, cutinase, and/or laccase.

In general the properties of the chosen enzyme(s) should be compatible with the selected detergent, (i.e., pH-optimum, compatibility with other enzymatic and non-enzymatic ingredients, etc.), and the enzyme(s) should be present in effective amounts.

Proteases: Suitable proteases include those of animal, vegetable or microbial origin. Microbial origin is preferred. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. The protease may be a serine protease or a metalloprotease, preferably an alkaline microbial protease or a trypsin-like protease. Examples of alkaline proteases are subtilisins, especially those derived from Bacillus, e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279). Examples of trypsin-like pro-teases are trypsin (e.g., of porcine or bovine origin) and the Fusarium protease described in WO 89/06270 and WO 94/25583.

Preferred commercially available protease enzymes include ALCALASE®, SAVINASE®, PRIMASE®, DURALASE®, ESPERASE®, and KANNASE® (from Novozymes A/S), MAXATASE®, MAXACAL, MAXAPEM®, PROPERASE®, PURAFECT®, PURAFECT OXP®, FN2®, FN3®, FN4® (Genencor International Inc.).

Lipases: Suitable lipases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful lipases include lipases from Humicola (synonym Thermomyces), e.g., from H. lanuginosa (T. lanuginosus) as described in EP 258 068 and EP 305 216 or from H. insolens as described in WO 96/13580, a Pseudomonas lipase, e.g., from P. alcaligenes or P. pseudoalcaligenes (EP 218 272), P. cepacia (EP 331 376), P. stutzeri (GB 1,372,034), P. fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp. strain SD 705 (WO 95/06720 and WO 96/27002), P. wisconsinensis (WO 96/12012), a Bacillus lipase, e.g., from B. subtilis (Dartois et al. (1993), Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1131, 253-360), B. stearothermophilus (JP 64/744992) or B. pumilus (WO 91/16422). Other examples are lipase variants such as those described in WO 92/05249, WO 94/01541, EP 407 225, EP 260 105, WO 95/35381, WO 96/00292, WO 95/30744, WO 94/25578, WO 95/14783, WO 95/22615, WO 97/04079 and WO 97/07202.

Preferred commercially available lipase enzymes include LIPOLASE™ and LIPOLASE ULTRA™ (Novozymes A/S).

Amylases: One or more additional amylases may also be included. Suitable amylases (alpha and/or beta) include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Amylases include, for example, alpha-amylases obtained from Bacillus, e.g., a special strain of B. licheniformis, described in more detail in GB 1,296,839. Examples of useful alpha-amylases are the variants described in WO 94/18314, WO 96/39528, WO 94/02597, WO 94/18314, WO 96/23873, and WO 97/43424, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 15, 23, 105, 106, 124, 128, 133, 154, 156, 181, 188, 190, 197, 202, 208, 209, 243, 264, 304, 305, 391, 408, and 444.

Commercially available alpha-amylases are DURAMYL™, LIQUEZYME™ TERMAMY™, NATALASE™, FUNGAMYL™ and BAN™ (Novozymes A/S), RAPIDASE™ and PURASTAR™ (from Genencor).

Cellulases: Suitable cellulases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Suitable cellulases include cellulases from the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavia, Acremonium, e.g., the fungal cellulases produced from Humicola insolens, Myceliophthora thermophila and Fusarium oxysporum disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,263, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,178, U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,757 and WO 89/09259. The Trichoderma reesei cellulases are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,297, U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,501, U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,649, WO 92/06221 and WO 92/06165. Bacillus cellulases are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,612.

Commercially available cellulases include CELLUZYME®, and CAREZYME® (Novozymes A/S), CLAZINASE®, and PURADAX HA® (Genencor International Inc.), and KAC-500(B)® (Kao Corporation).

Peroxidases/Oxidases: Suitable peroxidases/oxidases include those of plant, bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful peroxidases include peroxidases from Coprinus, e.g., from C. cinereus, and variants thereof as those described in WO 93/24618, WO 95/10602, and WO 98/15257.

Commercially available peroxidases include GUARDZYME® (Novozymes A/S).

The detergent enzyme(s) may be included in a detergent composition by adding separate additives containing one or more enzymes, or by adding a combined additive comprising all of these enzymes. A detergent additive, e.g., a separate additive or a combined additive, can be formulated, e.g., granulate, a liquid, a slurry, etc. Preferred detergent additive formulations are granulates, in particular non-dusting granulates, liquids, in particular stabilized liquids, or slurries.

Non-dusting granulates may be produced, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,106,991 and 4,661,452 and may optionally be coated by methods known in the art. Examples of waxy coating materials are poly(ethylene oxide) products (polyethyleneglycol, PEG) with mean molar weights of 1000 to 20000; ethoxylated nonyl-phenols having from 16 to 50 ethylene oxide units; ethoxylated fatty alcohols in which the alcohol contains from 12 to 20 carbon atoms and in which there are 15 to 80 ethylene oxide units; fatty alcohols; fatty acids; and mono- and di- and triglycerides of fatty acids. Examples of film-forming coating materials suitable for application by fluid bed techniques are given in GB 1483591. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding a polyol such as propylene glycol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid or boric acid according to established methods. Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the method disclosed in EP 238,216.

The detergent composition may be in any convenient form, e.g., a bar, a tablet, a powder, a granule, a paste or a liquid. A liquid detergent may be aqueous, typically containing up to about 70% water and 0 to about 30% organic solvent, or non-aqueous.

The detergent composition comprises one or more surfactants, which may be non-ionic including semi-polar and/or anionic and/or cationic and/or zwitterionic. The surfactants are typically present at a level of from about 0.1% to 60% by weight.

When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 1% to about 40% of an anionic surfactant such as linear alkylbenzenesulfonate, alpha-olefinsulfonate, alkyl sulfate (fatty alcohol sulfate), alcohol ethoxysulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate, alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid or soap.

When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.2% to about 40% of a non-ionic surfactant such as alcohol ethoxylate, nonyl-phenol ethoxylate, alkylpolyglycoside, alkyldimethylamine-oxide, ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanol-amide, fatty acid monoethanolamide, polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amide, or N-acyl N-alkyl derivatives of glucosamine (“glucamides”).

The detergent may contain 0 to about 65% of a detergent builder or complexing agent such as zeolite, diphosphate, triphosphate, phosphonate, carbonate, citrate, nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid, soluble silicates or layered silicates (e.g. SKS-6 from Hoechst).

The detergent may comprise one or more polymers. Examples are carboxymethylcellulose, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), poly (ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyridine-N-oxide), poly(vinylimidazole), polycarboxylates such as polyacrylates, maleic/acrylic acid copolymers and lauryl methacrylate/acrylic acid co-polymers.

The detergent may contain a bleaching system, which may comprise a H₂O₂ source such as perborate or percarbonate which may be combined with a peracid-forming bleach activator such as tetraacetylethylenediamine or nonanoyloxyben-zenesul-fonate. Alternatively, the bleaching system may comprise peroxy acids of, e.g., the amide, imide, or sulfone type.

The enzyme(s) of the detergent composition may be stabilized using conventional stabilizing agents, e.g., a polyol such as propylene glycol or glycerol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid, boric acid, or a boric acid derivative, e.g., an aromatic borate ester, or a phenyl boronic acid derivative such as 4-formylphenyl boronic acid, and the composition may be formulated as described in, e.g., WO 92/19709 and WO 92/19708.

The detergent may also contain other conventional detergent ingredients such as e.g. fabric conditioners including clays, foam boosters, suds suppressors, anti-corrosion agents, soil-suspending agents, anti-soil re-deposition agents, dyes, bactericides, optical brighteners, hydrotropes, tarnish inhibitors, or perfumes.

It is at present contemplated that in the detergent compositions any enzyme, in particular one or more of the variant enzymes described herein, may be added in an amount corresponding to 0.01-100 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor, preferably 0.055 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor, in particular 0.1-1 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor.

One or more of the variant enzymes described herein may additionally be incorporated in the detergent formulations disclosed in WO 97/07202, which is hereby incorporated as reference.

10.16 Dishwashing Detergent Compositions

The enzymes may also be used in dish wash detergent compositions, including the following:

1) Powder Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Nonionic surfactant 0.4-2.5% Sodium metasilicate  0-20% Sodium disilicate  3-20% Sodium triphosphate 20-40% Sodium carbonate  0-20% Sodium perborate 2-9% Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) 1-4% Sodium sulphate  5-33% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%  

2) Powder Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Nonionic surfactant 1-2%  (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate) Sodium disilicate 2-30% Sodium carbonate 10-50%  Sodium phosphonate 0-5%  Trisodium citrate dihydrate 9-30% Nitrilotrisodium acetate (NTA) 0-20% Sodium perborate monohydrate 5-10% Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) 1-2%  Polyacrylate polymer 6-25% (e.g. maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer) Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%   Perfume 0.1-0.5%  Water 5-10%

3) Powder Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Nonionic surfactant 0.5-2.0% Sodium disilicate 25-40% Sodium citrate 30-55% Sodium carbonate  0-29% Sodium bicarbonate  0-20% Sodium perborate monohydrate  0-15% Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) 0-6% Maleic acid/acrylic 0-5% acid copolymer Clay 1-3% Polyamino acids  0-20% Sodium polyacrylate 0-8% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%  

4) Powder Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Nonionic surfactant 1-2% Zeolite MAP 15-42% Sodium disilicate 30-34% Sodium citrate  0-12% Sodium carbonate  0-20% Sodium perborate monohydrate  7-15% Tetraacetyl ethylene 0-3% diamine (TAED) Polymer 0-4% Maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer 0-5% Organic phosphonate 0-4% Clay 1-2% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%   Sodium sulphate Balance

5) Powder Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Nonionic surfactant 1-7% Sodium disilicate 18-30% Trisodium citrate 10-24% Sodium carbonate 12-20% Monopersulphate 15-21% (2KHSO₅•KHSO₄•K₂SO₄) Bleach stabilizer 0.1-2%   Maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer 0-6% Diethylene triamine pentaacetate,   0-2.5% pentasodium salt Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%   Sodium sulphate, water Balance 6) Powder and Liquid Dishwashing Composition with Cleaning Surfactant System

Nonionic surfactant   0-1.5% Octadecyl dimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate 0-5% 80:20 wt. C18/C16 blend of octadecyl dimethylamine 0-4% N-oxide dihydrate and hexadecyldimethyl amine N- oxide dihydrate 70:30 wt. C18/C16 blend of octadecyl bis 0-5% (hydroxyethyl)amine N-oxide anhydrous and hexadecyl bis (hydroxyethyl)amine N-oxide anhydrous C₁₃-C₁₅ alkyl ethoxysulfate with an average degree of  0-10% ethoxylation of 3 C₁₂-C₁₅ alkyl ethoxysulfate with an average degree of 0-5% ethoxylation of 3 C₁₃-C₁₅ ethoxylated alcohol with an average degree of 0-5% ethoxylation of 12 A blend of C₁₂-C₁₅ ethoxylated alcohols with an   0-6.5% average degree of ethoxylation of 9 A blend of C₁₃-C₁₅ ethoxylated alcohols with an 0-4% average degree of ethoxylation of 30 Sodium disilicate  0-33% Sodium tripolyphosphate  0-46% Sodium citrate  0-28% Citric acid  0-29% Sodium carbonate  0-20% Sodium perborate monohydrate   0-11.5% Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) 0-4% Maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer   0-7.5% Sodium sulphate   0-12.5% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%  

7) Non-Aqueous Liquid Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Liquid nonionic surfactant (e.g. alcohol ethoxylates)  2.0-10.0% Alkali metal silicate  3.0-15.0% Alkali metal phosphate 20.0-40.0% Liquid carrier selected from higher 25.0-45.0% glycols, polyglycols, polyoxides, glycolethers Stabilizer (e.g. a partial ester of phosphoric acid and a 0.5-7.0% C₁₆-C₁₈ alkanol) Foam suppressor (e.g. silicone)   0-1.5% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%  

8) Non-Aqueous Liquid Dishwashing Composition

Liquid nonionic surfactant (e.g. alcohol ethoxylates) 2.0-10.0% Sodium silicate 3.0-15.0% Alkali metal carbonate 7.0-20.0% Sodium citrate 0.0-1.5%  Stabilizing system (e.g. mixtures of finely divided 0.5-7.0%  silicone and low molecular weight dialkyl polyglycol ethers) Low molecule weight polyacrylate polymer 5.0-15.0% Clay gel thickener (e.g. bentonite) 0.0-10.0% Hydroxypropyl cellulose polymer 0.0-0.6%  Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%   Liquid carrier selected from higher lycols, polyglycols, Balance polyoxides and glycol ethers

9) Thixotropic Liquid Automatic Dishwashing Composition

C₁₂-C₁₄ fatty acid  0-0.5% Block co-polymer surfactant 1.5-15.0% Sodium citrate 0-12% Sodium tripolyphosphate 0-15% Sodium carbonate 0-8%  Aluminum tristearate  0-0.1% Sodium cumene sulphonate  0-1.7% Polyacrylate thickener 1.32-2.5%  Sodium polyacrylate 2.4-6.0%  Boric acid  0-4.0% Sodium formate   0-0.45% Calcium formate  0-0.2% Sodium n-decydiphenyl oxide disulphonate  0-4.0% Monoethanol amine (MEA)   0-1.86% Sodium hydroxide (50%) 1.9-9.3%  1,2-Propanediol  0-9.4% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%   Suds suppressor, dye, perfumes, water Balance

10) Liquid Automatic Dishwashing Composition

Alcohol ethoxylate 0-20% Fatty acid ester sulphonate 0-30% Sodium dodecyl sulphate 0-20% Alkyl polyglycoside 0-21% Oleic acid 0-10% Sodium disilicate monohydrate 18-33%  Sodium citrate dihydrate 18-33%  Sodium stearate  0-2.5% Sodium perborate monohydrate 0-13% Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) 0-8%  Maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer 4-8%  Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%  

11) Liquid Automatic Dishwashing Composition Containing Protected Bleach Particles

Sodium silicate  5-10% Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 15-25% Sodium triphosphate 0-2% Potassium carbonate 4-8% Protected bleach particles, e.g. chlorine  5-10% Polymeric thickener 0.7-1.5% Potassium hydroxide 0-2% Enzymes 0.0001-0.1%   Water Balance 12) Automatic dishwashing compositions as described in 1), 2), 3), 4), 6) and 10), wherein perborate is replaced by percarbonate. 13) Automatic dishwashing compositions as described in 1)-6) which additionally contain a manganese catalyst. The manganese catalyst may, e.g., be one of the compounds described in “Efficient manganese catalysts for low-temperature bleaching”, Nature 369: 637-39 (1994).

14) Premium HDL Liquid Detergent Formulations

Bio-Soft S-101 Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid Steol CS-330 Sodium Laureth sulfate Bio-soft N25-7 Linear alkylethoxylate with 7 moles of EO Stepanate SXS Sodium xylene sulfonate

15) Ultra Liquid Detergent Formulation

Tionopal CBS-X Fluorescent whitening agent Alpha-step MC-48 Sodium alpha-sulfomethylester Makon TD-6 Tridecylalcoholethoxylate

10.17 Use of Variants in Conjunction with Other Enzymes: Phytases

10.17.1 Use of Phytases

Phytases useful herein include enzymes capable of hydrolyzing phytates and/or phytic acid under the conditions of use, e.g., the incubation and/or liquefaction steps. In some embodiments, the phytase is capable of liberating at least one inorganic phosphate from an inositol hexaphosphate (e.g., phytic acid). Phytases can be grouped according to their preference for a specific position of the phosphate ester group on the phytate molecule at which hydrolysis is initiated, (e.g., as 3-phytases (EC 3.1.3.8) or as 6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26)). A typical example of phytase is myo-inositol-hexakiphosphate-3-phosphohydrolase.

Phytases can be obtained from microorganisms such as fungal and bacterial organisms. Some of these microorganisms include e.g. Aspergillus (e.g., A. niger, A. terreus, A. ficum and A. fumigatus), Myceliophthora (M. thermophila), Talaromyces (T. thermophilus), Trichoderma spp (T. reesei), and Thermomyces (WO 99/49740). Also phytases are available from Penicillium species, e.g., P. hordei (ATCC No. 22053), P. piceum (ATCC No. 10519), or P. brevi-compactum (ATCC No. 48944). See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,762. In addition, phytases are available from Bacillus (e.g. B. subtilis, Pseudomonas, Peniophora, E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterbacter, and Buttiauxella (see e.g. WO2006/043178).

Commercial phytases are available such as NATUPHOS (BASF), RONOZYME P (Novozymes A/S), PHZYME (Danisco A/S, Diversa) and FINASE (AB Enzymes). The method for determining microbial phytase activity and the definition of a phytase unit has been published by Engelen et al. (1994) J. of AOAC International, 77: 760-764. The phytase may be a wild-type phytase, an active variant or active fragment thereof.

In one embodiment, the phytase is derived from the bacterium Buttiauxiella spp. The Buttiauxiella spp. includes B. agrestis, B. brennerae, B. ferragutiase, B. gaviniae, B. izardii, B. noackiae, and B. warmboldiae. Strains of Buttiauxella species are available from DSMZ, the German National Resource Center for Biological Material (Inhoffenstrabe 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany). Buttiauxella sp. strain P1-29 deposited under accession number NCIMB 41248 is an example of a particularly useful strain from which a useful phytase may be obtained. In some embodiments, the phytase is BP-wild-type, a variant thereof (such as BP-11) disclosed in WO 06/043178, or a variant as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/714,487, filed Mar. 6, 2007. For example, a BP-wild-type and variants thereof are disclosed in Table 1 of WO 06/043178, wherein the numbering is in reference to SEQ ID NO: 3 of the published PCT application.

In one preferred embodiment, a useful phytase is one having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% and at least 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31 shown below or an active variant thereof. More preferably, the phytase will have at least 95% to 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31 or an active variant thereof. In some embodiments, the phytase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In yet others, the phytase is SEQ ID NO: 31.

Mature protein sequence of Buttiauxella BP-17 phytase (SEQ ID NO: 31)

NDTPASGYQV EKVVILSRHG VRAPTKMTQT MRDVTPNTWP EWPVKLGYIT PRGEHLISLM GGFYRQKFQQ QGILSQGSCP TPNSIYVWAD VDQRTLKTGE AFLAGLAPQC GLTIHHQQNL EKADPLFHPV KAGTCSMDKT QVQQAVEKEA QTPIDNLNQH YIPFLALMNT TLNFSTSAWC QKHSADKSCD LGLSMPSKLS IKDNGNKVAL DGAIGLSSTL AEIFLLEYAQ GMPQAAWGNI HSEQEWASLL KLHNVQFDLM ARTPYIARHN GTPLLQAISN ALNPNATESK LPDISPDNKI LFIAGHDTNI ANIAGMLNMR WTLPGQPDNT PPGGALVFER LADKSGKQYV SVSMVYQTLE QLRSQTPLSL NQPAGSVQLK IPGCNDQTAE GYCPLSTFTR VVSQSVEPGC QLQ

In some embodiments, the amount (dosage) of phytase used in the incubation and/or liquefaction processes is in the range of about 0.001 to 50 FTU/g ds, (e.g., in the range of about 0.01 to 25 FTU/g ds, about 0.01 to 15 FTU/g ds, about 0.01 to 10 FTU/g ds, about 0.05 to 15 FTU/g ds, or about 0.05 to 5.0 FTU/g).

10.17.2 Determination of Phytase Activity (FTU)

“Phytase Activity” (“FTU”) is measured by the release of inorganic phosphate. The inorganic phosphate forms a yellow complex with acidic molybdate/vanadate reagent; and the yellow complex is measured at a wavelength of 415 nm in a spectrophotometer and the released inorganic phosphate is quantified with a phosphate standard curve. One unit of phytase (FTU) is the amount of enzyme that releases 1 micromole of inorganic phosphate from phytate per minute under the reaction conditions given in the European Standard (CEN/TC 327,2005-TC327WI 003270XX).

10.17.3 Determination of Phytic Acid Content

Phytic acid content: Phytic acid was extracted from the sample by adjusting the pH of the 5% slurry (if it is dry sample) to pH 10 and then determined by an HPLC method using an ion exchange column. Phytic acid was eluted from the column using a NaOH gradient system. Phytic acid content in the liquid was then calculated by comparing to a phytic acid standard.

11. Compositions (Blends) Comprising the Variant Alpha-Amylases

In one of its several aspects, this disclosure provides compositions comprising:

a) at least one alpha-amylase variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, said variant having detectable alpha-amylase activity, and b) at least one additional enzyme.

The variant is altered, as compared to a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase or a reference alpha-amylase, in one or more of any useful or measurable attributes including net charge, substrate specificity, substrate cleavage, substrate binding, thermal stability, activity at one or more pH's, stability at one or more pH's, stability in oxidizing conditions, Ca²⁺ requirements, specific activity, catalytic rate, catalytic efficiency, activity in the presence of a phytate, thermal or pH stability in the presence of a phytate, ability to effect peak viscosity in a liquefaction test, or ability to effect final viscosity in a liquefaction test. In preferred embodiments, the variant will have more than one altered attribute, for example, improved thermostability, and the ability to reduce peak viscosity in a liquefaction, or the ability to reduce both peak viscosity and final viscosity in a liquefaction, as compared to a parent alpha-amylase, e.g. an AmyS-like amylase.

In various embodiments, the reference amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. Other alpha-amylases can be used as the reference alpha-amylase. It is preferred that the reference alpha-amylase for use herein have a serine residue at amino acid position 242.

In various embodiments, the additional enzyme is a phytase, protease, lipase, pullulanase, glucoamylases, isomerase, or other enzymes useful in a commercial process in conjunction with an alpha-amylase. Such enzymes are known in the art in starch processing, sugar conversion, fermentations for alcohol and other useful end-products, commercial detergents and cleaning aids, stain removal, fabric treatment or desizing, and the like. Presently preferred additional enzymes are phytases. One embodiment uses a phytase that comprises SEQ ID NO: 17.

In certain embodiments, the variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant. Such variants are exemplified and characterized in the working examples provided herein.

The variant in some embodiments further comprises a sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 179, 180, 193, 319, 349, 358, 416, 428, or 443 of the reference amylase, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. More specifically, the variant comprises one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at 443. Substitution of an N193 or a V416 or both, such as a substitution of N193F or V416G, or both are useful herein for variants. Deletion of amino acids corresponding to positions 179 and 180 may also be used herein with any variant amylase.

In one embodiment of the composition, the alpha-amylase variant has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2 and comprises a substitution of amino acid 242 relative to numbering in a reference amylase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. As above, the variant preferably has detectable alpha-amylase activity under conditions permissive of such activity.

Useful parent amylases are discussed above. In some embodiments, the parent alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 15, or 16. In others, the parent alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.

In various embodiments, the variant amylase and the phytase are present in amounts such that the ratio of AAU:FTU is about 1:15 to about 15:1. Preferably, in some embodiments, the variant amylase and the phytase are present in amounts such that the ratio of AAU:FTU is about 1:4 to about 3:1.

12. Methods for Using Variants with Other Enzymes

In another aspect, this disclosure provides methods of using the variant alpha-amylases in conjunction with other enzymes, particularly phytases. In one embodiment, methods are provided for treating a starch slurry. The treatment can be part of a liquefaction process, a saccharification, a fermentation process, and the like. The method generally comprises the steps of

a) adding at least one phytase and at least one alpha-amylase to the starch slurry, and b) incubating the starch slurry under conditions permissive of activity of the phytase and the alpha-amylase. The method encompasses any one or more adding steps such that the phytase and the alpha-amylase are added at, or about, the same time, or separately, in any order (i.e. phytase first or amylase first), with any useful amount of temporal separation between such adding steps. As with the compositions, the alpha-amylase is a variant amylase comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase. The variant has detectable alpha-amylase activity.

In one embodiment, the variant is altered, as compared to a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase or a reference amylase, in any one or more of net charge, substrate specificity, substrate cleavage, substrate binding, thermal stability, activity at one or more pH's, stability at one or more pH's, stability in oxidizing conditions, Ca²⁺ requirements, specific activity, catalytic rate, catalytic efficiency, activity in the presence of a phytate, thermal or pH stability in the presence of a phytate, ability to effect peak viscosity in a liquefaction test, and/or ability to effect final viscosity in a liquefaction test.

As discussed above, the use of phytases may impact the stability or other properties of alpha-amylases by relieving some inhibition on alpha-amylase activity due to the presence of one or more phytates in the plant material, e.g. milled grain. Without being limited to any particular theory, at least partial removal of the phytates appears to improve one or more properties of the amylase such that yield or results are improved.

Reference amylases are discussed above, and in one embodiment of the method, the reference amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.

In various embodiments, the variant is a S242A, S2421D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant. In others, the variant further comprises a sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 179, 180, 193, 319, 349, 358, 416, 428, or 443 of the reference amylase. More particularly, the variant comprises one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at 443 in various embodiments. Substitution of an N193 or a V416 or both, such as a substitution of N193F or V416G, or both are also useful in certain variants. As with the other modifications, the deletion of amino acids 179 and 180 can also be used—alone or in combination with any of the foregoing alterations.

In certain embodiments, the parent alpha-amylase is conveniently SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 15, or 16, while in others, the parent alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.

In one embodiment, the adding step comprises addition of the phytase before the amylase. Preferably, when phytase is added first the slurry is pre-incubated after adding the phytase and before adding the alpha-amylase, e.g., for sufficient time to measurably reduce the phytate content.

In various embodiments, the inclusion of the phytase results in an increase in the thermostability of the alpha-amylase relative to a comparable method that does not include contacting the slurry with phytase.

In other applications, the phytase and the amylase are present in a single blend, such as a commercial blend, before adding to the slurry. In one presently preferred embodiment, the phytase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In another of its several aspects, this disclosure provides methods of producing a fermentable substrate from a starch-containing slurry comprising milled grain. The method comprises the steps of:

a) contacting the starch-containing slurry with at least one phytase and at least one alpha-amylase in an amount sufficient to produce a fermentable substrate from the starch; and

b) incubating the starch slurry under conditions permissive of activity of the phytase and the alpha-amylase for a time that allows production of the fermentable substrate; wherein when the contact with the phytase is initiated before the amylase, the slurry is incubated at a temperature that is about 0-30° C. less than the gelatinization temperature prior to contacting the slurry with the amylase, after which the temperature is raised above the gelatinization for a time effective to hydrolyze the starch.

In various embodiments, the contact with the phytase and the alpha-amylase is initiated at, or about, the same time, or separately in any order. The alpha-amylase used in such methods is a variant amylase comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, said variant having detectable alpha-amylase activity.

The reference amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and the variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant in certain embodiments.

Also provided herein are kits comprising, in one or more packages provided as a unit:

i) at least one variant amylase comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, said variant having detectable alpha-amylase activity, and

ii) at least one additional enzyme.

The kits further comprising instructions for using the enzymes in a useful process involving enzymatic cleavage of starch molecules. The kits can also further comprise one or more additional enzymes, acidulants or other compounds for adjusting the pH of a starch slurry, nutrients, cofactors, and the like.

This disclosure includes further detail in the following examples, which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of what is claimed. The figures are integral parts of the specification and description provided. All references cited are herein specifically incorporated by reference for all that is described therein. The following examples are thus offered to illustrate, but not to limit what is claimed.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of Variants

The variants at position S242 of the mature sequence of AmyS were constructed using site directed mutagenesis. The template for mutagenesis was methylated pHPLT-AmyS (see FIG. 2) using dam-Methylase from New England Biolabs (Massachusetts). Degenerate primers (S242F(forward) and S242R(reverse) SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 18 respectively, given below) were synthesized and diluted to 10 μM at Operon (Huntsville, Ala.) with complementary forward and reverse sequences both containing a 5′ phosphate group for ligation in the reaction. The sequence of the parent alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 2. Libraries were created with the Stratagene Quik-Change™ Multi-site kit (Stratagene, La Jolla Calif.) using oligonucleotide primers randomized with NN(G/C) at the target position. The selected amino acid (i.e., S242) was randomly replaced with all 19 possible alternatives.

S242 Primers for Mutagenesis:

S242 F: SEQ ID NO: 17 5′[Phos]GTCAAGCATATTAAGTTCNNSTTTTTTCCTGATTGGTTG 3′ S242 R: SEQ ID NO: 18 5′[Phos]CAACCAATCAGGAAAAAASNNGAACTTAATATGCTTGAC 3′ The reaction was performed as follows:

QUIK-CHANGE Reaction:

The reaction consisted of 18 μL of sterile distilled H₂O, 2.5 μL of 10× buffer from the kit, 1 μL dNTPs from the kit, 1.25 μL of the forward primers (of 10 μM stock), 1.25 μL of the reverse primers (of 10 μM stock), 1 μL of pHPLT-AmyS plasmid DNA as template (˜70 ng), and 1 μL of the enzyme blend from the kit for a total of 26.5 μL.

Cycling Conditions:

The cycling conditions were 95° C. for 1 min once, then 95° C. for 1 min, 55° C. for 1 min, 65° C. for 10 min for 25 cycles.

One microliter Dpn I (10 U/μL) was added to the Multi-site Quik-Change™ reaction mixture and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours and then another 0.5 μL was added for an additional 3 hours.

One microliter of DpnI digested reaction was used as template for rolling circle amplification with the TEMPLIPHI amplification kit (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) and the reaction was performed according to the Amersham protocol. One microliter of rolling circle DNA was transformed into 100 μL of Bacillus subtilis competent cells (2 protease deleted B. subtilis strain (AaprE, AnprE, amyE::xylRPxylAcomK-phleo)) and shaken at 37° C. for 1 hour. The entire transformation was next plated on LA+10 ppm Neo+1% insoluble starch plates (25 μL one plate, 75 μL on another plate) and incubated overnight at 37° C. Ninety-six transformants were picked into 150 μL of LB+10 ppm Neo in a micro-titer plate and grown overnight at 37° C. The overnight plate was stamped onto a large LA+10 ppm Neo+1% insoluble starch plate with a 96 pin replicating tool and submitted to Quintara Biosciences (Berkeley, Calif.) for colony PCR and sequencing.

After variant sequences were determined, the variants were picked into a 96 well micro-titer plates containing 125 μL of LB+10 ppm Neo, arraying the variants into a quad format with controls. The arrayed micro-titer plate was grown for 6 hours at 37° C. and 250 rpm. Using a replicating tool (Enzyscreen, Leiden, The Netherlands) the micro-titer culture plate was used to inoculate a new micro-titer plate (micro-titer plate and plate lids from Enzyscreen, Leiden, The Netherlands) containing 150 ul of MBD medium for protein expression (G. Vogtentanz et al., A Bacillus subtilis fusion protein system to produce soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor, Prot. Expr. & Purif. 55 (2007) 40-52) and supplemented with 5 mM CaCl₂ for protein expression. Expression plates were grown for 64 hours at 37° C., 250 rpm, and 70% humidity. Expression cultures were next filtered through a micro-filter plate (0.22 μm, Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) and screened for improved thermostability (see Example 3).

Example 2 Expression, Purification & Characterization of Variants

Colonies were streaked from the microtiter plates from Example 1 onto starch plates with 10 ppm Neomycin. The plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. and singles colonies were picked and used to inoculate shake flasks (250 mL with 25 mL media) containing media (see below) and 20 ppm Neomycin. The cultures were grown up at 37° C., 275 rpm, for about 8 hrs (till an OD (600 nm) of 2.0 was reached). The culture broths were mixed with 50% glycerol at 2:1 ratio, put into individually-labeled culture vials and frozen at −80° C. Subsequent production of the selected alpha-amylases were made from these glycerol stocks.

Fermentations for amylases were carried out in 500 mL shake flasks grown at 37° C. for 60 hours in minimal MOPS culture medium (Neidhardt et al., J. Bacteriol. 119(3): 736-747, 1974) with 1% (w/v) Soytone. Enzymes were purified from the fermentation broth using hydrophobic interaction chromatography as follows: the broth was concentrated 10-fold then diluted back to its original volume with 50 mM MES, 2 mM CaCl₂, pH 6.8 with 1M ammonium sulfate, then sterile-filtered using glass fiber filter. Samples were then loaded onto PHENYL SEPHAROSE FF high density column (20×95 mm; Amersham, GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Sweden) pre-equilibrated with the same buffer. Non-amylase proteins were removed with 10 column volumes of the same buffer without ammonium sulfate followed by 5 column volumes of water. Enzymes of interest were eluted with 50 mM MES, 2 mM CaCl₂, pH 6.8 containing 40% propylene glycol.

Protein concentrations were determined either with a standard quantitative SDS page gel densitometry method or using an activity assay using a standard amylase assay kit from Megazyme (Wicklow, Ireland). A standard curve generated using purified amylase (Bacillus 707 amylase; SEQ ID NO: 6) was used for comparing assay data.

Example 3 Determination of Altered Properties: Thermal Stress

This example shows that the variants described herein may have an altered property relative to the parent alpha-amylase. A high-throughput thermal stability screen of G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase (AmyS) variants was carried out.

After an initial investigation, heat-stress conditions were chosen such that the wild-type enzyme showed approximately 40% of its initial (pre-stress) activity after the heat stress (i.e., (activity after heat stress)/(activity before heat stress) was approximately 0.4). Libraries of mutants were screened in quadruplicate, and potential winners were identified as those that showed residual activity after heat stress that was at least two standard deviations more than the average residual activity of the wild-type enzyme.

Amylase expression was approximately 100 ppm in the culture supernatants of the expression plates. After 60-65 hours of growth at 37° C. in a humidified shaker (250 rpm and 70% relative humidity), the culture supernatants were clarified to remove cellular material using filter plates. The clarified supernatants were diluted 10-fold into buffer containing 50 mM NaOAc/2.6 mM CaCl₂/0.002% Tween-20, pH 5.8., to a final concentration of approximately 10 ppm. One aliquot of each supernatant was further diluted to 0.02 ppm, for determination of activity of the enzyme variants as described below using a fluorescently-labeled corn starch substrate. A second aliquot of each supernatant was subjected to a 30 minute heat stress at 95° C. in a thermocycler then diluted to 0.02 ppm in 50 mM NaOAc/2.6 mM CaCl₂/0.002% Tween-20, pH 5.8 and assayed for residual activity using the fluorescent substrate and assay described below.

Amylase activity was determined using the amylase ENZCHECK ULTRA AMYLASE assay kit essentially as described by the manufacturer (Invitrogen, San Diego Calif.). Final concentration of the amylase in the assay was approximately 0.02 ppm. Assay buffer was 50 mM NaOAc/2.6 mM CaCl₂/0.002% Tween-20, pH 5.8. The substrate was BODIPY fluorescence dye conjugated 100 μg/mL DQ™ starch from corn (Invitrogen, Eugene, Oreg.). Increased fluorescence, indicating amylase activity, was measured using a SpectraMAX M2 (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The reaction was monitored at room temperature for 5 minutes with the instrument recording in kinetic mode. Excitation wavelength was 485 nm; emission was monitored at 520 nm with a cutoff filter at 515 nm.

The wild-type AmyS (Xtra) showed 33-43% residual activity after being subject to thermal stress for 30 minutes at 95° C. AmyS variants, S242A and S242Q, retained 55-65% and 70-80% residual activities, respectively, following the same thermal stress conditions. See FIG. 3 and Table 3-1. These residual activity measurements indicate the two variants are more thermostable than the wild-type alpha-amylase.

TABLE 3-1 Percent residual activities of each variant. Wild-type (SPEZYME XTRA). Each plate includes SPEZYME ETHYL and SPEZYME XTRA as controls as indicated. Variant % Residual Activity Avg Std. Dev A 65.0 53.4 48.5 71.1 59.5 10.4 C 35.9 24.5 27.3 29.6 29.3 4.9 D 52.2 32.6 38.5 43.3 41.6 8.3 E 40.2 53.3 33.2 51.8 44.6 9.6 F 41.7 31.8 30.1 31.7 33.8 5.3 G 34.3 27.1 27.4 37.5 31.6 5.2 H 22.6 20.5 16.2 17.8 19.3 2.8 I 36.2 26.9 19.7 25.5 27.0 6.8 K 22.3 22.6 23.3 23.0 22.8 0.5 L 26.1 29.6 30.6 27.8 28.5 2.0 M 48.8 46.6 40.5 35.9 42.9 5.9 N 32.0 29.0 24.6 35.1 30.2 4.5 P 7.2 7.7 6.4 5.7 6.7 0.9 Q 61.0 65.7 49.1 69.3 61.3 8.8 R 14.5 14.3 11.7 11.7 13.0 1.5 wildtype 44.3 27.1 29.2 35.5 34.0 7.7 T 24.6 25.4 27.7 21.5 24.8 2.5 V 17.5 25.9 22.1 23.9 22.3 3.6 W 5.0 6.3 3.9 7.0 5.6 1.4 Y 18.5 13.5 14.2 16.5 15.7 2.3 Ethyl 111.8 77.3 84.3 66.7 85.0 19.2 Xtra 27.1 36.1 40.7 25.2 32.3 7.4

Example 4 Determination of Altered Properties: DSC

Spezyme Xtra, S242A, S242E, and S242Q were purified from shake flask fermentation broth (see Example 2) using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The protein was eluted from the column in purified form using 50 mM MES, pH 6.8, containing 40% propylene glycol and 2 mM CaCl₂.

Excessive heat capacity curves were measured using an ultrasensitive scanning high-throughput microcalorimeter, VP-CAP DSC (MicroCal, Inc., Northampton, Mass.). The standard procedure for DSC measurements and the theory of the technique has been published (Freire, E., “Differential Scanning Calorimetry,” Methods. Mol. Biol. 41, 191-218, 1995). Approximately 500 μL of 0.5 mg/ml wild-type Bacillus stearothermophilus α-amylase or variant S242A, S242E, and S242Q (both in the absence and in the presence of 2 mM calcium chloride) were scanned over a 30-120° C. temperature range. The same sample was then re-scanned to check the reversibility of the process. For α-amylase the thermal unfolding process was irreversible. The buffer used was 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5. A 200° C./hr scan rate was used to minimize any artifacts that may have resulted from aggregation. The thermal midpoint (T_(m)) of the DSC curves was used as an indicator of the thermal stability of the tested protein. Table 4-1 shows the thermal melting points for the amylase proteins tested. The thermal melting curves and the melting points for the wild-type and variant amylases are shown in FIG. 5.

The thermal unfolding for the amylase variants S242A, S242E, and S242Q in the absence and presence of 2 mM calcium chloride show considerable increase in the melting points for the variants when compared to that for the wild-type. In the absence of added calcium chloride, the wild-type amylase has a thermal melting point of 100.8° C. whilst the T_(m)'s for S242A, S242E, and S242Q are 106.5° C., 107.8° C., and 110.1° C., respectively. Thus, the substitution of S242 with A results in an increase in the T_(m) of 5.7° C., the substitution of S242 with E results in an increase in the T_(m) of 7.0° C., and the substitution of S242 with Q results in an increase in the T_(m) of 9.3° C.

In the presence of 2 mM calcium chloride, the wild-type amylase displayed a thermal melting point of 106.8° C. whilst the T_(m)'s for S242A, S242E, and S242Q were 111.8° C., 112.2° C. and 113.8° C., respectively. Thus, relative to measurements in the absence of calcium, in the presence of 2 mM calcium chloride, all four proteins had increased T_(m) values. The increase in T_(m) for wild-type and the S242A variants in the presence of calcium was 6° C. and 5.3° C., respectively. The increase in T_(m) for the S242E variant was 4.4° C. The increase in T_(m) for the S242Q variant was 3.7° C. This suggests that the S242Q variants is stabilized less by calcium, or the variant is less dependent on calcium for stability. The increase in the T_(m) of the S242A, S242E, and S242Q relative to wild-type in the presence of calcium chloride was 5° C., 5.4° C., and 3° C., respectively. This suggests that the thermodynamic properties of the variants differ from those of the wild-type, or Spezyme Xtra. This observation was consistent with its enhanced performance in application studies (see Example 5).

TABLE 4-1 Tm (° C.) for various amylases by DSC Tm (No Ca²⁺) ΔT (° C.) Tm (w/ 2 mM Ca²⁺) ΔT (° C.) Spezyme 100.8 106.8 Xtra S242A 106.5 5.7 111.8 5.7 S242E 107.8 7.0 112.2 5.4 S242Q 110.1 9.3 113.8 7.0

Example 5 Activity Profiles

This example shows that the tested variants have altered activity profiles relative not only to the parent alpha-amylase but also to an industry standard enzyme. Protein determinations were made on purified or plate samples. The variants and standard alpha-amylases were each assayed on the basis of equal protein concentration.

Either plate or purified variants were diluted to approximately 20 ppm using pH 5.6 malic acid buffer. The substrate consisted of 15% cornstarch in the same 50 mM malic acid buffer, pH 5.6. Four hundred microliters of the starch suspension was equilibrated to 70° C. for 2.5 minutes. Then 7 μL of the diluted enzyme was quickly added to the equilibrated starch at a final protein concentration of about 0.36 ppm. The reaction mix was then put into a pre-heated 85° C. shaking heating block and mixed at 300 rpm. The reactions were quenched with 50 μL of 125 mM NaOH at predetermined time intervals. The reaction tubes were spun and the supernatant was diluted 10 fold into 10 mM NaOH, for analysis of DP profile by HPAEC-PAD.

Reactions were set up for 4, 10 and 20 minutes. The 4 min reaction provides an indication of the enzyme initial conversion of product to substrate; the 10 minute reaction provides an indication of the enzyme's thermal activity, and the 20 minute reaction provides an indication of the enzyme's thermal stability.

Total area from DP2 to the end of the HPLC run was integrated, and divided by the total protein and reaction time. The results are provided in FIGS. 6 and 7.

Example 6 Liquefaction in the Viscometer

This example shows that the S242A and S242Q variants, which showed altered residual activity relative to the wild-type parent, also have altered performance relative to the parent alpha-amylase. The variant alpha-amylases of Example 2 were purified and characterized for total protein and specific activity before testing in the viscometer.

Viscosity reduction of corn flour due to the action of the alpha-amylase was monitored using a HAAKE VISCOTESTER 550 instrument. The substrate slurry was made up fresh daily in batch mode with 30% corn flour dry solids. The pH was adjusted to 5.8 using sulfuric acid. Fifty (50) g of the slurry (15 g dry solids) was weighed out and pre-incubated, with stirring, for 10 minutes to warm up to 70° C. Upon alpha-amylase addition, the temperature was immediately ramped up from 70° C. to 85° C. with a rotation speed of 75 rpm. Once the temperature of the slurry and enzyme mixture reached 85° C., the temperature was held constant. Viscosity was monitored for an additional 30 minutes. The viscosity was measured throughout the run and reported in μNm. Wild-type AmyS, S242A, and S242Q were each assayed on an equal protein basis at two protein concentrations (20 and 30 μg/50 g of corn flour slurry).

The viscometer application showed that both AmyS variants, S242A and S242Q, had better performance than the benchmark alpha-amylases—Liquozyme SC, Ethyl, and Xtra. The variants exhibited both a low peak viscosity, characteristic of Xtra, as well as a low final viscosity, characteristic of Liquozyme SC and Ethyl. When loaded at the lower protein concentration (20 μg total protein), the difference between the lower peak viscosity of the variants compared to that of Liquozyme SC was even more evident. See FIGS. 9, 10 and 11.

Example 7 Liquefaction in a Jet Cooker

Whole ground corn was slurried to a 32% (dry solids corn) slurry by using a 70:30 ratio of water to thin stillage. The slurry pH was adjusted to pH 5.8 with 10 N NaOH. The slurry was heated to 70° C. (158° F.) using water and steam in a jacketed kettle. The liquefaction enzymes (SPEZYME Xtra, LiquozymeSC, or S242Q) were added and the slurry was heated to 85° C. (185° F.) over approximately 10 minutes. After the slurry reached 85° C., it was incubated 10 additional minutes at that temperature. The slurry was passed through a jet-cooker maintained at 107° C. (225° F.) with a 3 minute hold time using a pilot plant jet cooker (equipped with an M103 hydro-heater from Hydro-Thermal Corp., Waukesha, Wis.). The liquefact was collected from the jet and placed in an 85° C. water bath. A second dose of liquefaction enzyme was added post-jet. The liquefact was continuously stirred and held at 85° C. for 90 minutes. Samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. All post-jet samples were tested for DE (using the Schoorls method), and viscosity (Brookfield-type viscometer (Lab-Line Instruments Inc., Melrose Park, Ill.), spindle 3 at 20 rpm). Dosing of liquefaction enzymes pre- and post-jet are indicated in the following figures as “X+Y” where X represents the number of units of enzyme added before the jet, and Y represents the number of units added to the liquefact after it passes through the jet cooker. Results are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

Example 8 Effect of Removal of Phytic Acid Inhibition on Alpha-Amylase Thermostability

The effect of the removal of phytic acid inhibition on the thermostability of liquefying thermostable alpha-amylases was studied.

A. No Jet Cooking (Single Enzyme Dose)

A slurry of whole ground corn (obtained from Badger State Ethanol, Monroe, Wis.) was made with water containing 30% v/v thin stillage to a final concentration of about 32% ds. Corn solids were prepared in a jacketed kettle. The slurry was mixed well and the pH was measured (pH 5.2). No pH adjustment was made. The slurry was mixed in a jacketed kettle and brought to the pretreatment temperature of 70° C. Just prior to reaching 70° C., the liquefying enzyme, i.e., an alpha-amylase (4 AAU per gram ds corn), was added. Identical slurries were treated, one with and one without added phytase (4 FTU per gram ds corn), to begin the incubation or primary liquefaction step. The slurry was incubated for 30 minutes in the presence of the amylase with or without added phytase. The phytase used in this experiment was BP-17. Although the phytase was added at the same time as the alpha-amylase in this example, it may be added at other times, such as prior to the amylase.

The treated slurry was then placed in a water bath maintained at 90° C. to begin the secondary liquefaction (2° liquefaction) step. Samples of each of the treated slurries (amylase with or without phytases) were taken at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes for viscosity (by Brookfield) and DE (by Schoorls) testing. The results are shown in FIGS. 14 and 15.

B. With jet cooking (Split Enzyme Dose)

A slurry of whole ground corn (obtained from Badger State Ethanol, Monroe, Wis.) was made with water containing 30% v/v thin stillage to a final concentration of about 32% ds. Corn solids were prepared in a jacketed kettle. The slurry was mixed well and the pH of the slurry was measured (pH 5.2). This slurry was mixed in a jacketed kettle and brought to 70° C. Just prior to reaching 70° C., the liquefying enzyme, i.e., an S242Q alpha-amylase variant (3 AAU per gram ds corn), was added to begin the incubation, or primary liquefaction step. Identical slurries were incubated for 30 minutes in the presence of the alpha-amylase, with or without added phytase (4 FTU per gram ds corn).

Although the phytase was added at the same time as the alpha-amylase in this example, it may be added at other times, such as prior to the amylase.

Each incubated slurry was passed through a jet cooker (225° F.; 107.2° C.) that was preheated to the desired temperature using steam and water. The slurry was sent through the jet at the maximum speed (1.5 setting) of about 4 liters/minute. Use of the hold coil resulted in a hold time of just over 3 minutes. After all of the water was displaced and the desired temperature held steady, an aliquot of solubilized corn mash was collected and placed in a secondary bath (w/ overhead stirring) at 85° C. to begin the secondary liquefaction step (2° liquefaction). A second dose of the S242Q (1 AAU/gm ds) was added and the liquefaction continued for an additional 90 minutes. Samples of each slurry (amylase with or without phytases) were taken to test for viscosity (by Brookfield) and DE (by Schoorls) at 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes.

The resultant liquefact was used in Example 10B.

C. Jet Cooking, Conventional

A slurry of whole ground corn (obtained from Badger State Ethanol, Monroe, Wis.) was made with water containing 30% v/v thin stillage to a final concentration of about 32% ds. Corn solids were prepared in a jacketed kettle. The slurry was mixed well and the pH of the slurry was measured (pH 5.2). The pH was adjusted to pH 5.8 with dilute NaOH. The slurry was mixed in a jacketed kettle and brought up to the pretreatment temperature of 70° C. Just prior to reaching 70° C., the liquefying enzyme, i.e., an S242Q alpha-amylase variant (3 AAU per gram ds corn), was added to begin the incubation or primary liquefaction step. The slurry was incubated for 30 minutes in the presence of the alpha-amylase without added phytase.

The incubated slurry was passed through a jet cooker (225° F.; 107.2° C.) that was preheated to the desired temperature using steam and water. The slurry was sent through the jet at the maximum speed (1.5 setting) of about 4 liters/minute. The hold coil resulted in a hold time of just over 3 minutes. After all of the water was displaced and the desired temperature held steady, an aliquot of solubilized corn mash was collected and placed in a secondary bath (overhead stirring) at 85° C. to begin the secondary liquefaction step (2° liquefaction). A second dose of the S242Q alpha-amylase variant (1 AAU/gm ds) was added and the liquefaction continued for an additional 90 minutes. Samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes to test for viscosity (by Brookfield) and DE (by Schoorls). The above experiment was conducted at a slurry pH of 5.5. See FIG. 21.

The resultant liquefact was used in Example 10A.

D. Results with and Without Jet Cooking

Addition of BP-17 phytase during incubation (primary liquefaction) reduced the phytic acid content of the whole ground corn from 0.60% ds corn to 0.09% ds corn (>85% reduction) (FIG. 20). It is also evident from FIGS. 14 and 15 that the alpha-amylases were inactivated at a jet cooking temperature of 225° F. (107° C.) based on DE development or viscosity reduction. However, the inclusion of phytase prior to jet cooking resulted in a significant increase in the thermostability of the alpha-amylases, as shown by DE progression and viscosity reduction at 90° C. during the secondary liquefaction step. Similar results were seen with jet cooking (data not shown) as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. Without being limited to any particular theory of operation, it is believed that addition of the phytase helps to minimize, reduce, or eliminate phytic acid inhibition of the amylase activity.

Example 9 Effect of BP-17 Phytase Concentration on Alpha-Amylase Stability at Low pH

The increase in the thermostability of alpha-amylase due to the removal of the phytic acid inhibition of alpha-amylase was studied. The phytic acid was hydrolyzed using phytase prior to the secondary liquefaction of whole ground corn and the improvement in the pH stability at low pH was determined.

In a typical experiment, whole ground corn was slurried to a 32% (ds corn) by using a 70:30 ratio of water and thin stillage. The slurry pH was pH 5.2. The slurry was heated to 70° C. using water and steam in a jacketed kettle. The liquefaction enzyme, i.e., the S242Q alpha-amylase variant (4 AAU/gm ds corn), and varied concentrations of BP-17 (0-12 FTU/gm ds corn) were added. The slurry was pretreated by holding the temperature at 70° C. for 45 minutes. The slurry was then placed in a 90° C. water bath. The liquefact was continuously stirred and held at 90° C. for 90 minutes. Samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. All samples were tested for DE (using the Schoorls method), and for viscosity (Brookfield viscometer, spindle 2 at 20 rpm). The DE progression and viscosity data are summarized in FIGS. 16-17.

The results showed that the addition of phytase resulted in a significant increase in the pH stability (at low pH) for amylase activity, as evidenced by a steady increase in the DE progression at 90° C., with a concomitant decrease in the viscosity of the liquefact (see FIGS. 16-17). This may be due to reduction of phytic acid inhibition of the alpha-amylase. The data show that the S242Q alpha-amylase variant can be successfully used in the liquefaction process for whole ground corn at a pH 5.2 in the presence of an added phytase. In FIG. 20, it can be seen that the rate of DE progression increases with the increased addition of phytase, and reaches a maximum at 4 FTU/gm ds. These results may indicate that phytase increases the thermostability of the S242Q alpha-amylase variant by removing phytic acid from the slurry.

Example 10 Effect of pH

The effect of pH on the S242Q alpha-amylase variant was studied in this example.

In a typical experiment, whole ground corn was slurried to a 32% (ds corn) by using a 70:30 ratio of water and thin stillage. The slurry pH was pH 5.2. The pH was lowered to between 4.2 and 4.8 using H₂SO₄. The slurry was heated to 70° C. using water and steam in a jacketed kettle. The liquefaction enzyme, i.e., the S242Q variant (4 AAU/gm ds), and BP-17(4 FTU/gm ds) were added and the slurry was pretreated by holding the temperature at 70° C. for 45 minutes. The slurry was then placed in a 90° C. water bath. The liquefact was continuously stirred and held at 90° C. for 90 minutes. Samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. All samples were tested for DE (using the Schoorls method), and for viscosity (Brookfield viscometer, spindle 2 at 20 rpm). The DE progression and viscosity data are summarized in FIGS. 18-19.

The DE decreased with decreasing pH from 5.2 to 4.5. The amylase enzyme was completely inactivated at pH 4.2.

Example 11 Effect on Ethanol Production

Liquefacts were used as fermentation feedstocks in ethanol fermentation for alcohol production. A slurry of whole ground corn (obtained from Badger State Ethanol, Monroe, Wis.) was mixed with water containing 30% v/v thin stillage to a final concentration of about 32% ds.

A. Conventional Process

The liquefact from Example 8, Part C was used (Liquefact A).

The pH of the secondary liquefact was adjusted to 4.2 using H₂SO₄ prior to the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) stage.

B. Low pH, Jet Cooking (Split Dose)

The liquefact from Example 8B was used (Liquefact B). No pH adjustment was done prior to SSF.

C. Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation

In each experiment, tare weights of the vessels were obtained prior to preparation of media. A 32% DS corn liquefact (2 liters) was placed in a 2 L flask. Red Star Ethanol Red yeast (RED STAR (Lesaffre)) inoculums were prepared by adding 10 grams of yeast and 1 gram of glucose to 40 grams of water under mild agitation for one hour. Five mls of each inoculum was added to equilibrated fermentors, followed by the addition of G Zyme™ 480 Ethanol (Danisco US Inc, Genencor Division) at 0.4 GAU/g ds corn, to initiate the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The initial gross weight was noted and the flask was placed in a water bath maintained at 32° C. Samples were taken at different intervals of time and analyzed for carbohydrate and ethanol content using HPLC. Fermentations were also carried out using one kilogram of each liquefact. Weight loss during fermentation was measured at different intervals of time. The alcohol was determined based on the weight loss due to loss of carbon dioxide. At the conclusion of the fermentation, a final gross weight was obtained. The broth was quantitatively transferred into a 5 L round bottom vessel. Distillation was performed under vacuum until approximately 800 mls of ethanol were collected in a receptacle containing 200 mls water. The ethanol was diluted to 2 L and was analyzed by HPLC. The weight and DS of the still bottoms was obtained prior to drying. Residual starch analysis was performed on the DDGS. Stoichiometric calculations were performed based on weight loss, distillation, and residual starch analysis.

Ethanol Calculation Using CO₂ Weight Loss:

EtOH production (mmol)=CO₂ loss (g)/88

EtOH production (g)=(CO₂ loss (g)/88)*92=>CO₂ loss (g)*1.045

EtOH production (ml)=((CO₂ loss (g)/88)*92)/0.789=>CO₂ loss (g)×1.325

Table 11 summarizes a comparison of sulfate and phytic acid content in DDGS from a conventional process with that from the process with no pH adjustment. The data show a major difference in free sulphate and phytic acid content between the two processes. Addition of phytase with the thermostable alpha-amylase in the incubation resulted in the DDGS with reduced phytic acid content, higher available (free) phosphate and reduced sulfate. Thus, the process with no pH adjustment confers pH stability at low pH for liquefying thermostable alpha-amylases in the starch liquefaction.

TABLE 11 Alcohol yield DDGS, % ds Gallons/ Phytic Free Liquefaction conditions Bushel Starch acid % IP 6 Phosphate Sulphate* Conventional Process-pH 5.8 2.70 7.25 0.6 100 1.20 1.92 (Liquefact A) No pH adjustment-Process, pH 2.69 9.28 0.2 0 1.33 0.23 5.2 3 + 1 AAU (Split dose), 4 FTU BP-17, with jet cooking, 225° F. (Liquefact B) *mg/g ds

Example 12 Additional Methods

The following assays were used in the Examples. Deviations from the protocols provided below are generally indicated in the Examples. In these experiments, a spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of the products formed during the reactions.

A. Protein Content Determination

BCA (Bicinchoninic Acid) Assay

BCA (Pierce) assay was used to determine the protein concentration in samples on microtiter plate (MTP) scale. The chemical and reagent solutions used were: BCA protein assay reagent, and Pierce dilution buffer (50 mM MES, pH 6.5, 2 mM CaCl₂, 0.005% TWEEN®-80). The equipment included a SpectraMAX (type 340; Molecular Devices) MTP reader. The MTPs were obtained from Costar (type 9017).

Two-hundred (200) μL BCA Reagent was pipetted into each well, followed by 20 μL diluted protein. After thorough mixing, the MTPs were incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. Air bubbles were removed before the optical density (OD) of the solution in the wells was read at 562 nm. To determine the protein concentration, the background reading was subtracted from the sample readings. The OD₅₆₂ was plotted for protein standards (purified enzyme) to produce a standard curve. The protein concentration of the samples were interpolated from the standard curve.

Bradford Assay

The Bradford dye reagent (Quick Start) assay was used to determine the protein concentration in samples on MTP scale. The chemical and reagent solutions used were: Quick Start Bradford Dye Reagent (BIO-RAD Catalog No. 500-0205), Dilution buffer (10 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM CaCl₂, 0.005% TWEEN®-80. The equipment used was a Biomek FX Robot (Beckman) and a SpectraMAX (type 340) MTP reader. The MTPs were from Costar (type 9017).

Two-hundred (200) μL Bradford dye reagent was pipetted into each well, followed by 15 μL dilution buffer. Ten (10) μL of filtered culture broth were added to the wells. After thorough mixing, the MTPs were incubated for at least 10 minutes at room temperature. Air bubbles were blown away and the OD of each well was read at 595 nm. To determine the protein concentration, the background reading (i.e., from un-inoculated wells) was subtracted form the sample readings. The OD₅₉₅ values obtained provide a relative measure of the protein content in the samples.

B. Microswatch Assay for Testing Enzyme Performance

The detergents used in this assay did not contain enzymes or the enzymes present in commercial detergents had been destroyed through heat deactivation as described elsewhere in this document. The equipment used included an Eppendorf Thermomixer and a SpectraMAX (type 340) MTP reader. The MTPs were obtained from Costar (type 9017).

Detergent Preparation (AATCC HDL; US Conditions)

Milli-Q water was adjusted to 6 gpg water hardness (Ca/Mg=3/1), and 1.5 g/l AATCC 2003 standard reference liquid detergent without brightener was added. The detergent solution was vigorously stirred for at least 15 minutes. Then, 5 mM HEPES (free acid) was added and the pH adjusted to 8.0.

Rice Starch Microswatch Assay for Testing Amylase Performance

Test detergents were prepared as described elsewhere in this document. The equipment used included a New Brunswick Innova 4230 shaker/incubator and a SpectraMAX (type 340) MTP reader. The MTPs were obtained from Corning (type 3641). Aged rice starch with orange pigment swatches (CS-28) were obtained from Center for Test Materials (Vlaardingen, Netherlands). Before cutting 0.25-inch circular microswatches, the fabric was washed with water. Two microswatches were placed in each well of a 96-well microtiter plate. The test detergent was equilibrated at 20° C. (North America) or 40° C. (Western Europe). 190 μL of detergent solution were added to each well of the MTP, containing microswatches. To this mixture, 10 μL of the diluted enzyme solution was added. The MTP was sealed with adhesive foil and placed in the incubator for 1 hour with agitation at 750 rpm at the desired test temperature (typically 20° C. or 40° C.). Following incubation, 150 μL of the solution from each well were transferred into a fresh MTP and read at 488 nm using a SpectraMAX MTP reader to quantify cleaning. Blank controls, as well as controls containing microswatches and detergent, but no enzyme, were also included.

Calculation of Enzyme Performance

The obtained absorbance value was corrected for the blank value (i.e., obtained after incubation of microswatches in the absence of enzyme). The resulting absorbance was a measure of the hydrolytic activity.

C. Amylase Concentration Determination By Antibody Titration

Alpha-amylase concentration and specific activity was determined, in some cases, by titration with an inhibitory polyclonal antibody. Polyclonal antibodies raised to Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase (AmyS) were found to be strongly inhibitory of AmyS and the alpha-amylase from Bacillus sp. TS23 (e.g., the binding is tight enough to produce a linear titration of activity loss). Therefore, this antibody can be used to measure enzyme concentration, which, in turn, is used to calculate specific activity.

Briefly, the amount of enzyme inhibition produced by several known concentrations of antibody is measured. From this information, the concentration of antibody required for complete inhibition is extrapolated, which is equivalent to the enzyme concentration in the sample. Alpha-amylase activity and inhibition was measured using the fluorogenic BODIPY-starch assay. The buffer was 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0, containing 0.005% Tween-80.

A polyclonal antibody directed against purified AmyS was raised in a rabbit and purified by standard methods. An empirical “apparent concentration” value of an antibody stock solution was determined by measuring the inhibition of a sample of AmyS of known specific activity. The antibody sample was used to determine the concentration and specific activity of AmyS and TS23t variants. These values were used to create normalized 96-well enzyme stock plates, in which all of the variants were diluted to a common concentration.

D. Native Protein Gel Electrophoresis

Electrophoretic mobility of variant protein samples was measured using the PHASTGEL system (GE Healthcare) on pre-cast native polyacrylamide gels (PHASTGEL Homogeneous) at either 7.5% or 12.5% concentration. Buffer strips (PHASTGEL Native) were used and consisted of pH 8.8 in 0.88 M L-Alanine, 0.25 M Tris buffer. Typical run conditions consisted of 400V for 12.75 minutes with an anode-to-cathode distance of 3.7 cm.

Alternatively, electrophoretic mobility of variant protein samples was measured on 1 mm-thick 0.5-1.5% agarose gels at various pH values (i.e. 5.8, 8.0 and 10.0) through a choice of a suitable buffer system. The electrophoresis was carried out under non-denaturing conditions. The Cathode-Anode length was 13.9 cm. A sample of 1-2 μg protein was mixed with 5% glycerol+0.05% bromophenol blue and loaded on each lane. Gels were run typically for 1 hour at 100V.

Gels were stained with Louisville blue dye dissolved in 10% acetic acid and destained with 10% methanol and 10% acidic acid-in-water. Between 12 and 20 protein variants were loaded simultaneously, depending on native gel system used. As a consequence, the electrophoretic mobility of a protein variant can be immediately assessed, relative to charge ladder standards loaded on the same gel.

E. Detergent Heat Inactivation

Heat inactivation of commercial detergent formulas serves to destroy the enzymatic activity of any protein components while retaining the properties of non-enzymatic components. Thus, this method was suitable for preparing commercially-purchased detergents for use in testing the enzyme variants. For North American (NA) and Western European (WE) heavy duty liquid laundry (HDL) detergents, heat inactivation was performed by placing pre-weighed liquid detergent (in a glass bottle) in a water bath at 95° C. for 2 hours. The incubation time for heat inactivation of North American (NA) and Japanese (JPN) heavy duty granular laundry (HDG) detergent was 8 hours and that for Western European (WE) HDG detergent was 5 hours. The incubation time for heat inactivation of NA and WE auto dishwashing (ADW) detergents was 8 hours. The detergents were purchased from local supermarket stores. Both un-heated and heated detergents were assayed within 5 minutes of dissolving the detergent to accurately determine percentage deactivated. Enzyme activity was tested by the suc-AAPF-pNA assay.

For testing of enzyme activity in heat-inactivated detergents, working solutions of detergents were made from the heat inactivated stocks. Appropriate amounts of water hardness (6 gpg or 12 gpg) and buffer were added to the detergent solutions to match the desired conditions (Table 12-1). The solutions were mixed by vortexing or inverting the bottles.

TABLE 12-1 Laundry and Dish Washing Conditions Region Form Dose Detergent* Buffer Gpg pH T (° C.) Laundry (heavy duty liquid and granular) NA HDL 0.78 g/l  P&G TIDE ® 2X 5 mM HEPES 6 8.0 20 WE HDL 5.0 g/L Henkel Persil 5 mM HEPES 12 8.2 40 WE HDG 8.0 g/L P&G Ariel 2 mM Na₂CO₃ 12 10.5 40 JPN HDG 0.7 g/L P&G TIDE ® 2 mM Na₂CO₃ 6 10.0 20 NA HDG 1.0 g/L P&G TIDE ® 2 mM Na₂CO₃ 6 10.0 20 Automatic Dish Washing WE ADW 3.0 g/L RB Calgonit 2 mM Na₂CO₃ 21 10.0 40 NA ADW 3.0 g/L P&G Cascade 2 mM Na₂CO₃ 9 10.0 40 *Abbreviations: Procter & Gamble (P&G); and Reckitt Benckiser (RB).

F. TERG-O-TOMETER Assay for Cleaning Performance Determination

A standard protocol for assessing protein and carbohydrate soil cleaning was used whereby the soil level on a fabric swatch was measured before and after cleaning under standard conditions. The fabric swatches consisted of woven cotton fabric soiled with either maize starch, rice starch or a blood, milk, and carbon black mixture. Swatches were purchased from Testfabrics, Inc. (West Pittston, Pa.). Maize Starch (EMPA 161) and Blood, Milk, Carbon Black (EMPA 116) technical soils were produced by EMPA Test materials AG (St. Gallen, Switzerland). Rice Starch (CFT CS-28) soils were produced by the Center for Testmaterials BV (Vlaardingen, Netherlands). Each stain was measured before and after treatment by optical reflectance using a Minolta Reflectometer CR-410 set to a D65 (6500° K.) standard illuminant. The difference in the L, a, b values was converted to total color difference (dE), as defined by the CIE-LAB color space. Cleaning of the stains are expressed as percent stain removal index (% SRI) by taking a ratio between the color difference before and after washing and comparing it to the difference of unwashed soils (before wash) to unsoiled fabric.

Cleaning experiments were conducted in a TERG-O-TOMETER (United States Testing Co., Hoboken, N.J.) equipped with 6 stainless steel 2 L pots fitted with overhead agitators. Each treatment was conducted in 1 L total volume consisting of either 6 grains per gallon 3:1 (calcium:magnesium) water hardness or 12 grains per gallon water hardness. Detergents used in the wash experiments were 1.5 g/L AATCC HDL WOB 2003 liquid detergent with 5 mM HEPES buffer at pH 8, 0.7 g/L AATCC HDD WOB 1993 granular detergent, 8 g/L IEC A* 60456 granular detergent with perborate and TAED bleach, or 5 g/L Persil Power Gel liquid detergent. Enzyme was added directly into the wash solution and reactions were then initiated by addition of either 40 g/L or 200 g/L of soiled and ballast fabric. The washing reactions were agitated at 100 rpm for 10, 15, or 40 minutes at 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40° C., or 50° C. Following cleaning, swatches were rinsed for 3 minutes in tap water, spun in a front-loading washing machine at 1000 rpm to remove excess water, and dried in a dryer at low heat on a permanent press cycle for approximately 45 minutes. Comparison of the extent of soil removal was assessed by reflectometry and expressed as the % soil removal index (% SRI). The control condition did not contain enzyme and the positive control consisted of various doses of benchmark commercial enzymes.

G. BODIPY-Starch Assay for Determination of Amylase Activity

The BODIPY-starch assay was performed using the EnzChek® Ultra Amylase Assay Kit (E33651, Invitrogen). A 1 mg/mL stock solution of the DQ starch substrate was prepared by dissolving the contents of the vial containing the lyophilized substrate in 100 μL of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0. The vial was vortexed for about 20 seconds and left at room temperature, in the dark, with occasional mixing until dissolved. 900 μL of assay buffer (50 mM sodium acetate with 2.6 mM CaCl₂ pH 5.8) was added and the vial was mixed by vortex for about 20 seconds. The substrate solution was stored at room temperature, in the dark, until ready to use or at 4° C. For the assay, a 100 μg/mL of working solution of the DQ substrate was prepared from the 1 mg/mL substrate solution in the assay buffer. 190 μL of 100 μg/mL substrate solution was added to each well in a flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plate. 10 μL of each enzyme sample was added to a well, mixed for 30 seconds using a thermomixer at 800 rpm. A blank sample containing buffer and substrate only (no-enzyme blank) was included in the assay. The rate of change of fluorescence intensity was measured (excitation: 485 n, emission: 520 μm) in a fluorescence microtiter plate reader at 25° C. for 5 minutes.

H. Corn Flour Hydrolysis for Determination of Amylase Activity

Starch Hydrolysis of Corn Flour Substrate Assay for Enzymatic Activity. Organic corn flour (Azure Farms, lot no. 03227) was evenly spread into Greiner 96-well microplate, polypropylene, black, flat bottom chimney wells, (Cat. No. 655209), using a solids dispensing device (V&P Scientific). 85 μL of 20 mM sodium acetate pH 5.6 were added to each well and mixed. A foil seal was applied to the top of the plate and the plate pre-incubated at 70° C. in the Thermomixer for 20-30 minutes. Enzyme samples were diluted in Agilent polypropylene plate (5042-1385) in 20 mM sodium acetate buffer. 11 μL of diluted enzyme samples were added to the substrate plate and the plate sealed firmly with another foil. Plates were then transferred to Labnet VorTemp 56 Incubator/Shaker with metal blocks (Cat. No. S2056A), pre-heated to 95° C. and the shake speed set to 500 rpm. The incubation was continued for 30 minutes. At the end of the incubation, the plates were rapidly cooled in an ice bucket and the starch hydrolysis reaction was stopped by addition of 100 μL of 0.1N H2SO4 to each well. The plate was mixed briefly and the starch hydrolysis reaction products were either analyzed by the PAHBAH assay or HPLC.

Colorimetric detection of Soluble Sugar Concentrations from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Flour Substrate. Aliquots of 80 μL of 0.5 N NaOH were added to all wells of an empty PCR plate followed by 20 μL of PAHBAH reagent (5% w/v p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH, Sigma # H9882, dissolved in 0.5 N HCl) and mixed (PAHBAH reaction plate). 10 μL of the starch hydrolysis reaction supernatants were added to the PAHBAH reaction plate. All plates were sealed and placed in the thermocycler (MJ Research Tetrad), programmed for 2 minutes at 95° C., and then cooled to 20° C. Samples of 80 μL of the developed PAHBAH reaction mixtures were transferred to a read plate and absorbance was measured at 405 nm in a spectrophotometer.

HPLC Determination of soluble Sugar Concentrations from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Flour Substrate. Soluble sugar standards (DP1-DP7) obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) were all diluted in Milli-Q water to 100 mg/mL and used for converting peak area for the sugars to actual sugar concentrations. The quenched plate from the starch hydrolysis assay was spun in a Beckman Coulter Allegra 6R Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm 25° C. The supernatant was pipetted from the spun plate and transferred to a Multiscreen-HV filter plate (Catalog No. MAHVN4550). The filter plate was spun over an Agilent HPLC plate in the Hettich Rotanta centrifuge for 10 minutes at 6000 rpm 25° C. 50 μL of 0.01N sulfuric acid mobile phase (0.1N sulfuric acid diluted 10× with Milli-Q water) was transferred to each well of another clean Agilent HPLC plate. The filtered plate was briefly mixed and 50 μL of the filtrate was transferred the corresponding wells in the plate with 50 μL per well of mobile phase. Diluted sugar standards were added to empty wells in the plate to be included in the calibration. The contents were mixed briefly on a platform shaker and the plate covered with a Nalgene Pre-slit Well Cap. The HPLC column (Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column Cat No. 125-0140) was prepared ahead of time with 2L of mobile phase running at a constant flow rate of 0.6 mL/minute. All samples in the plate were run with 20 μL injection volume and analyzed using AMINEXH.M and RID (refractive index) as the detector. After the run was completed, the flow rate in the HPLC was dropped down to 0.05 mL/min.

I. Determination of Starch Viscosity Reduction By Alpha-Amylase

In this assay, viscosity reduction of cornstarch substrate solution was measured in a viscometer. The cornstarch substrate slurry was made up fresh in batch mode with 30% corn flour dry solids in distilled water and adjusted to pH 5.8 using sulfuric acid. For each run, 50 grams of the slurry (15 grams dry solids) was weighed out and pre-incubated for 10 minutes to warm up to 70° C. Upon amylase addition, the temperature was immediately ramped up from 70° C. to 85° C. with a rotation speed of 75 rpm. Once the temperature of the slurry and amylase mixture reached 85° C., the temperature was held constant and viscosity was monitored for an additional 30 minutes.

J. Measurement of Enzyme Binding to Macromolecular Substrates

Binding assays were done to determine substrate binding of Amylase (AmyS) charge ladder variants (charge change=−12 to +12 relative to wild-type AmyS) to corn stover and bagasse. Substrates used included bagasse (sugarcane bagasse from Brazil, dilute-acid pre-treated by National Renewable Energy Laboratory, washed and buffered at pH 5), AFEX (ammonia fiber expansion corn stover), and PCS (dilute sulfuric acid pre-treated corn stover, washed and adjusted to pH 5). All substrates were brought to the desired percentage solids prior to use.

Amylase Binding: Amylase charge ladder variants were purified and diluted to 200 ppm for testing. A 1% cellulose bagasse solution was prepared in borate buffer (40 mM, pH 8.5, 0.016% Tween-80). 150 μL of the bagasse solution was added into each well in a microtiter filtration plate. 150 μL of borate buffer was added into a set of separate wells, which served as controls. 10 μL of amylase charge ladder variants was added into the filtration plate, each condition was in duplicates. The plate was incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. The filtrate was collected and amylase activity in the supernatant was measured by BODIPY-starch assay.

Measurement of Enzyme Binding to Microswatches: Amylase variants were incubated with or without CS-28 rice starch microswatches under standard wash conditions for 30 min. The amount of free enzyme was measured by the BODIPY-starch assay. The fraction of enzyme bound to the microswatches was calculated as follows: Fraction bound=(Activity of enzyme in absence of swatch−Activity of enzyme in presence of swatch)/(Activity of enzyme in absence of swatch).

Example 13 Amylase Production in B. subtilis

In this Example, production of a mutant truncated form Bacillus stearothermophilus amylase alpha-amylase (having a S242Q mutation and a 29 amino acid deletion from the C-terminus; also referred to herein as S242Q) and variants thereof in B. subtilis are described. Transformation was performed as known in the art (see e.g., WO 02/14490). Briefly, the gene encoding the parent amylases was cloned into the pHPLT expression vector, which contains the LAT promoter (PLAT), a sequence encoding the LAT signal peptide (preLAT), followed by PstI and HpaI restriction sites for cloning.

The coding region for the LAT signal peptide is shown below:

(SEQ ID NO: 19) atgaaacaac aaaaacggct ttacgcccga ttgctgacgc tgttatttgc gctcatcttc ttgctgcctc attctgcagc ttcagca.

The amino acid sequence of the LAT signal peptide is shown below:

MKQQKRLYAR LLTLLFALIF LLPHSAASA (SEQ ID NO: 20)

The amino acid sequence of the mature truncated S242Q amylase with the substituted amino acid shown in italics was used as the basis for making the variant libraries described herein:

(SEQ ID NO: 21) AAPFNGTMMQ YFEWYLPDDG TLWTKVANEA NNLSSLGITA LWLPPAYKGT SRSDVGYGVY DLYDLGEFNQ KGTVRTKYGT KAQYLQAIQA AHAAGMQVYA DVVFDHKGGA DGTEWVDAVE VNPSDRNQEI SGTYQIQAWT KFDFPGRGNT YSSFKWRWYH FDGVDWDESR KLSRIYKFRG IGKAWDWEVD TENGNYDYLM YADLDMDHPE VVTELKNWGK WYVNTTNIDG FRLDAVKHIK FQFFPDWLSY VRSQTGKPLF TVGEYWSYDI NKLHNYITKT NGTMSLFDAP LHNKFYTASK SGGAFDMRTL MTNTLMKDQP TLAVTFVDNH DTEPGQALQS WVDPWFKPLA YAFILTRQEG YPCVFYGDYY GIPQYNIPSL KSKIDPLLIA RRDYAYGTQH DYLDHSDIIG WTREGVTEKP GSGLAALITD GPGGSKWMYV GKQHAGKVFY DLTGNRSDTV TINSDGWGEF KVNGGSVSVW VPRKTT.

The PCR products were purified using QIAQUIK columns from Qiagen, and resuspended in 50 μL of deionized water. 50 μL of the purified DNA was digested with HpaI (Roche) and PstI (Roche), and the resultant DNA resuspended in 30 μL of deionized water. 10-20 ng/μL of the DNA was cloned into plasmid pHPLT using PstI and HpaI cloning sites. The ligation mixtures were directly transformed into competent B. subtilis cells (genotype: Δvpr, ΔwprA, Δmpr-ybfJ, ΔnprB). The B. subtilis cells have a competency gene (comK) which is placed under a xylose inducible promoter, so xylose was used to induce competency for DNA binding and uptake (see Hahn et al., Mol. Microbiol., 21: 763-775, 1996).

The elements of plasmid pHPLT-AmyS include: pUB110=DNA fragment from plasmid pUB110 (McKenzie et al., Plasmid 15: 93-103, 1986). Plasmid features include: ori-pUB110=origin of replication from pUB110; neo=neomycin resistance gene from pUB110; Plat=transcriptional promoter from B. licheniformis amylase; Pre LAT=signal peptide from B. licheniformis amylase; SAMY 425ss=The coding region for truncated AmyE gene sequence (replaced by the coding regions for each truncated AmyE variant expressed in this study); and Terminator=transcriptional terminator from B. licheniformis amylase.

Example 14 Expression of Enzyme Variants

This Example describes the methods used to express various recombinant enzymes of the transformed B. subtilis of the preceding Examples.

Amylase Expression—2 mL Scale

B. subtilis clones containing S242Q (or a variant thereof) expression vectors were replicated with a steel 96-well replicator from glycerol stocks into 96-well culture plates (BD, 353075) containing 150 μL of LB media+10 μg/ml neomycin, grown overnight at 37° C., 220 rpm in a humidified enclosure. A 100 μL aliquot from the overnight culture was used to inoculate 2000 μL defined media+10 μg/ml neomycin in 5 mL plastic culture tubes. The cultivation media was an enriched semi-defined media based on MOPS buffer, with urea as major nitrogen source, glucose as the main carbon source, and supplemented with 1% SOYTONE and 5 mM calcium for robust cell growth. Culture tubes were incubated at 37° C., 250 rpm, for 72 hours. Following this incubation, the culture broths were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000×g. The supernatant solution was decanted into 15 mL polypropylene conical tubes and 80 μL of each sample were aliquoted into 96 well plates for protein quantitation.

Example 15 Production of Enzyme Variants

This Example describes the production of enzyme charge ladders and combinatorial charge libraries.

Enzyme Charge Ladders

Multiple protein variants spanning a range of physical properties of interest are selected from existing libraries or are generated by site-directed mutagenesis techniques as known in the art (See e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/576,331, 11/581,102, and 11/583,334, assigned to Genencor International). This defined set of probe proteins is then assayed in a test of interest.

Exemplary amylase charge ladder variants are shown in the following tables and assayed as described herein. In these tables, the charge change is relative to the parent enzyme.

TABLE 15-1 AmyS-S242Q Charge Ladder AmyS-S242Q Variant Δ Charge Q97E-Q319E-Q358E-Q443E −4 Q97E-Q319E-Q358E −3 Q97E-Q319E −2 Q97E −1 Q97R-Q319E 0 Parent AmyS-S242Q 0 Q97R +1 Q97R-Q319R +2 Q97R-Q319R-Q358R +3 Q97R-Q319R-Q358R +4

Enzyme Combinatorial Charge Libraries (CCL)

Generation of B. stearothermophilus AmyS-S242Q CCL

The AmyS-S242Q plasmid DNA was isolated from a transformed B. subtilis strain (genotype: AaprE, AnprE, amyE::xylRPxylAcomK-phleo) and sent to DNA2.0 Inc. as the template for CCL construction. A request was made to DNA2.0 Inc. (Mountain View, Calif.) for the generation of positional libraries at each of the four sites in AmyS-S242Q (S242Q) amylase that are shown in Table 15-2. Variants were supplied as glycerol stocks in 96-well plates.

The AmyS S242Q combinatorial charge library was designed by identifying the following four residues: Gln-97, Gln 319, Gln 358, and Gln 443. A four site, 81-member CCL was created by making all combinations of three possibilities at each site: wild-type, arginine, or aspartic acid.

TABLE 15-2 S242Q CCL Variants Variant # Q97 Q319 Q358 Q443 Δ Charge  1 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443E −4  2 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443R −2  3 Q97E Q319E Q358E — −3  4 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443E −2  5 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443R 0  6 Q97E Q319E Q358R — −1  7 Q97E Q319E — Q443E −3  8 Q97E Q319E — Q443R −1  9 Q97E Q319E — — −2 10 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443E −2 11 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443R 0 12 Q97E Q319R Q358E — −1 13 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443E 0 14 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443R +2 15 Q97E Q319R Q358R — +1 16 Q97E Q319R — Q443E −1 17 Q97E Q319R — Q443R +1 18 Q97E Q319R — — 0 19 Q97E — Q358E Q443E −3 20 Q97E — Q358E Q443R −1 21 Q97E — Q358E — −2 22 Q97E — Q358R Q443E −1 23 Q97E — Q358R Q443R +1 24 Q97E — Q358R — 0 25 Q97E — — Q443E −2 26 Q97E — — Q443R 0 27 Q97E — — — −1 28 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443E −2 29 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443R 0 30 Q97R Q319E Q358E — −1 31 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443E 0 32 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443R +2 33 Q97R Q319E Q358R — +1 34 Q97R Q319E — Q443E −1 35 Q97R Q319E — Q443R +1 36 Q97R Q319E — — 0 37 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443E 0 38 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443R +2 39 Q97R Q319R Q358E — +1 40 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443E +2 41 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443R +4 42 Q97R Q319R Q358R — +3 43 Q97R Q319R — Q443E +1 44 Q97R Q319R — Q443R +3 45 Q97R Q319R — — +2 46 Q97R — Q358E Q443E −1 47 Q97R — Q358E Q443R +1 48 Q97R — Q358E — 0 49 Q97R — Q358R Q443E +1 50 Q97R — Q358R Q443R +3 51 Q97R — Q358R — +2 52 Q97R — — Q443E 0 53 Q97R — — Q443R +2 54 Q97R — — — +1 55 — Q319E Q358E Q443E −3 56 — Q319E Q358E Q443R −1 57 — Q319E Q358E — −2 58 — Q319E Q358R Q443E −1 59 — Q319E Q358R Q443R +1 60 — Q319E Q358R — 0 61 — Q319E — Q443E −2 62 — Q319E — Q443R 0 63 — Q319E — — −1 64 — Q319R Q358E Q443E −1 65 — Q319R Q358E Q443R +1 66 — Q319R Q358E — 0 67 — Q319R Q358R Q443E +1 68 — Q319R Q358R Q443R +3 69 — Q319R Q358R — +2 70 — Q319R — Q443E 0 71 — Q319R — Q443R +2 72 — Q319R — — +1 73 — — Q358E Q443E −2 74 — — Q358E Q443R 0 75 — — Q358E — −1 76 — — Q358R Q443E 0 77 — — Q358R Q443R +2 78 — — Q358R — +1 79 — — — Q443E −1 80 — — — Q443R +1 81 (parent) Q97 Q319 Q358 Q443 0

Example 16 Enzyme Wash Performance

This Example describes the testing of S242Q variant in a microswatch assay 1.0 μg/ml in AATCC HDL detergent or 5 mM HEPES buffer under varying ionic strength. The methods provided in Example 12 were used (See, “Rice Starch Microswatch Assay for testing Amylase Performance” and “Corn Four Hydrolysis”).

There is an optimal net charge change for cleaning performance for enzyme in AATCC HDL detergent. Performance is measured in terms of relative cleaning performance observed in a rice starch microswatch activity assay. A value of around 1.0 indicates top cleaning performance in this assay. This is an example of optimizing a protein physical property (e.g., net charge) for improving a given outcome or benefit (e.g., cleaning performance in a liquid laundry detergent). The charge optimum identified with this limited set of probe proteins coincides with the optimum charge observed when measuring the entire charge combinatorial library. The use of probe proteins is therefore predictive of the behavior of the entire library.

According to the Debye-Hückel theory (Israelachivili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2^(nd) Edition: With Applications to Colloidal and Biological Systems, Academic Press 2^(nd) Ed. [1992]), electrostatic interactions are governed primarily by the strength of double-layer forces between interacting species at constant potential or constant charge (enzymes, substrates, fabric, and detergent), their size, and the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. In order to characterize the electrostatic behavior of particles in a complex medium, such as a detergent formulation, their interaction in a reduced environment possessing the same Debye screening length is sufficient. This was accomplished by choosing a buffer of matching pH and conductivity to that of the detergent under wash conditions. An appropriate buffer for such testing is 5 mM HEPES buffer at pH 8.0 with varying amounts of indifferent electrolyte, such as NaCl. Addition of 2.5 mM NaCl to this buffer matches the pH and conductivity of typical North American wash conditions. Addition of a higher concentration of NaCl is representative of Japanese and European wash conditions, typically higher in ionic strength due to both increased water hardness and detergent concentrations.

FIG. 22 shows that positive charge S242Q charge variants are superior for cleaning of rice starch microswatch under North American laundry conditions. Likewise negative charge TS23t variants are superior for cleaning of rice starch microswatches in Western European laundry conditions (FIG. 23).

FIG. 24 demonstrates that positive S242Q variants exhibit higher specific activity for granular corn starch substrates hydrolysis.

Example 17 Thermostability

This Example describes determining the relationship between protein charge and thermal stability. Alpha-amylase assays were based on BODIPY starch hydrolysis before and after heating the culture supernatant. The same chemical and reagent solutions were used as described in Example 12.

Thermal Stability Assay for Alpha-Amylases

The filtered culture supernatants were serially diluted in 50 mM sodium acetate+2 mM CaCl₂ pH 5.8 with 002% Tween. 10 μL of each diluted culture supernatant was assayed to determine the initial amylase activity by the BODIPY starch assay. 50 μL of each diluted culture supernatant was placed in a VWR low profile PCR 96 well plate. 30 μL of mineral oil was added to each well as a sealant. The plate was incubated in a BioRad DNA engine Peltier Thermal Cycler at 95° C. for 30 or 60 minutes depending on the stability of the parent enzyme. Following incubation, the plate was cooled to 4° C. for 5 min and then kept at room temperature. 10 μL of each sample was added to a fresh plate and assayed to determine the final amylase activity by the BODIPY starch assay as described in Example 1.

Calculation of Thermostability

The residual activity of a sample was expressed as the ratio of the final absorbance and the initial absorbance, both corrected for blanks. A higher index indicates a more thermally stable variant. This is an example of optimizing a protein physical property, in this case net charge, for improving enzyme thermal stability for a liquid laundry application.

Thermostability Assay

Thermostability of the variants was assessed as described above. Thermostability winners are listed in Table 17-1. Winners were defined as those having a ratio of mutant residual activity to parent (i.e., S242Q) residual activity greater than 1.

TABLE 17-1 S242Q CCL - thermal stability winners Mut residual act./WT residual Variant # 97 319 358 443 act. 2 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443R 1.12 10 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443E 1.12 13 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443E 1.36 14 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443R 1.16 15 Q97E Q319R Q358R 1.37 17 Q97E Q319R Q443R 1.29 18 Q97E Q319R 1.11 27 Q97E 1.16 32 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443R 1.18 37 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443E 1.29 38 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443R 1.22 39 Q97R Q319R Q358E 1.21 40 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443E 1.20 41 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443R 1.26 42 Q97R Q319R Q358R 1.48 43 Q97R Q319R Q443E 1.21 44 Q97R Q319R Q443R 1.21 45 Q97R Q319R 1.14 50 Q97R Q358R Q443R 1.14 62 Q319E Q443R 1.26 63 Q319E 1.18 64 Q319R Q358E Q443E 1.19 65 Q319R Q358E Q443R 1.28 68 Q319R Q358R Q443R 1.14 70 Q319R Q443E 1.22 73 Q358E Q443E 1.15 74 Q358E Q443R 1.15 75 Q358E 1.18

Example 18 Enzyme Performance

This Example demonstrates that enzyme performance may be affected by charge.

Enzyme performance was assessed using heat inactivated detergents as described above in Example 12. Winners were defined as those having Performance Index (PI) a greater than 1. PI is the ratio of mutant residual activity to parent (i.e., S242Q) residual activity. Results are shown in Tables 18-1 and 18-2.

TABLE 18-1 S242Q CCL - CS-28 rice starch microswatch winners, Tide 2x (North American conditions as described in Ex. 12) Variant # 97 319 358 443 rel charge PI 13 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443E 0 1.44 14 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443R 2 1.32 15 Q97E Q319R Q358R 1 1.40 16 Q97E Q319R Q443E −1 1.33 17 Q97E Q319R Q443R 1 1.40 18 Q97E Q319R 0 1.41 20 Q97E Q358E Q443R −1 1.15 23 Q97E Q358R Q443R 1 1.21 25 Q97E Q443E −2 1.18 26 Q97E Q443R 0 1.25 27 Q97E −1 1.16 28 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443E −2 2.32 29 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443R 0 2.54 30 Q97R Q319E Q358E −1 2.93 31 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443E 0 2.27 32 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443R 2 2.28 33 Q97R Q319E Q358R 1 2.34 34 Q97R Q319E Q443E −1 2.31 35 Q97R Q319E Q443R 1 2.31 36 Q97R Q319E 0 2.14 37 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443E 0 1.93 38 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443R 2 1.85 39 Q97R Q319R Q358E 1 2.14 40 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443E 2 1.92 41 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443R 4 1.37 42 Q97R Q319R Q358R 3 1.61 43 Q97R Q319R Q443E 1 1.90 44 Q97R Q319R Q443R 3 1.64 45 Q97R Q319R 2 1.99 46 Q97R Q358E Q443E −1 1.40 47 Q97R Q358E Q443R 1 1.29 48 Q97R Q358E 0 1.60 49 Q97R Q358R Q443E 1 1.57 50 Q97R Q358R Q443R 3 1.38 51 Q97R Q358R 2 1.37 52 Q97R Q443E 0 1.51 54 Q97R 1 1.51 55 Q319E Q358E Q443E −3 1.14 56 Q319E Q358E Q443R −1 1.38 57 Q319E Q358E −2 1.10 58 Q319E Q358R Q443E −1 1.25 59 Q319E Q358R Q443R 1 1.41 60 Q319E Q358R 0 1.49 61 Q319E Q443E −2 1.16 62 Q319E Q443R 0 1.45 63 Q319E −1 1.28 64 Q319R Q358E Q443E −1 1.12 65 Q319R Q358E Q443R 1 1.19 66 Q319R Q358E 0 1.36 67 Q319R Q358R Q443E 1 1.24 69 Q319R Q358R 2 1.19 70 Q319R Q443E 0 1.29 76 Q358R Q443E 0 1.22 78 Q358R 1 1.25 79 Q443E −1 1.24 80 Q443R 1 1.17

TABLE 18-2 S242Q CCL - CS-28 rice starch microswatch winners, Persil (Western European conditions) Variant # 97 319 358 443 rel charge PI 2 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443R −2 1.41 3 Q97E Q319E Q358E −3 1.94 4 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443E −2 1.61 5 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443R 0 1.39 6 Q97E Q319E Q358R −1 2.04 7 Q97E Q319E Q443E −3 2.05 8 Q97E Q319E Q443R −1 1.84 9 Q97E Q319E −2 2.27 10 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443E −2 1.35 13 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443E 0 1.45 14 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443R 2 1.17 15 Q97E Q319R Q358R 1 1.22 16 Q97E Q319R Q443E −1 1.26 17 Q97E Q319R Q443R 1 1.29 18 Q97E Q319R 0 1.76 26 Q97E Q443R 0 1.36 27 Q97E −1 1.31 28 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443E −2 2.21 29 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443R 0 1.96 30 Q97R Q319E Q358E −1 1.94 31 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443E 0 2.11 32 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443R 2 1.87 33 Q97R Q319E Q358R 1 2.41 34 Q97R Q319E Q443E −1 2.20 35 Q97R Q319E Q443R 1 2.21 36 Q97R Q319E 0 2.07 37 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443E 0 1.86 38 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443R 2 1.83 39 Q97R Q319R Q358E 1 1.99 40 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443E 2 1.85 41 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443R 4 1.36 42 Q97R Q319R Q358R 3 1.90 43 Q97R Q319R Q443E 1 1.99 44 Q97R Q319R Q443R 3 1.94 45 Q97R Q319R 2 1.75 46 Q97R Q358E Q443E −1 1.71 47 Q97R Q358E Q443R 1 1.39 48 Q97R Q358E 0 1.85 50 Q97R Q358R Q443R 3 1.24 51 Q97R Q358R 2 1.36 52 Q97R Q443E 0 1.25 54 Q97R 1 1.88 55 Q319E Q358E Q443E −3 1.12 56 Q319E Q358E Q443R −1 1.17 58 Q319E Q358R Q443E −1 1.16 59 Q319E Q358R Q443R 1 1.25 60 Q319E Q358R 0 1.50 63 Q319E −1 1.36 64 Q319R Q358E Q443E −1 1.10 65 Q319R Q358E Q443R 1 1.18 66 Q319R Q358E 0 1.25 67 Q319R Q358R Q443E 1 1.29 70 Q319R Q443E 0 1.15

Activity was also measured using the BODIPY starch hydrolysis assay as provided herein. The results are shown in Table 18-3. The relative specific activity on this starch substrate (a corn starch) greater than 1 indicates the variant has higher specific activity than the S242Q parent. Relative ppm is expression titers, greater than 1 indicates higher titers (in shake tubes) than the S242Q parent.

TABLE 18-3 S242Q CCL - titer and/or BODIPY-starch winners Rel Rel Sp Variant # 97 319 358 443 Charge ppm act 1 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443E −4 1.27 1.29 2 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443R −2 1.19 1.31 3 Q97E Q319E Q358E −3 1.00 1.43 4 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443E −2 1.23 1.43 5 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443R 0 0.94 1.78 6 Q97E Q319E Q358R −1 0.89 1.81 7 Q97E Q319E Q443E −3 1.40 1.41 8 Q97E Q319E Q443R −1 1.12 1.58 9 Q97E Q319E −2 1.09 1.56 10 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443E −2 1.45 1.32 11 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443R 0 1.32 1.49 12 Q97E Q319R Q358E −1 1.58 1.27 13 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443E 0 0.65 1.44 14 Q97E Q319R Q358R Q443R 2 0.66 1.65 15 Q97E Q319R Q358R 1 0.80 1.64 16 Q97E Q319R Q443E −1 1.09 1.51 17 Q97E Q319R Q443R 1 1.00 1.42 18 Q97E Q319R 0 0.87 1.78 19 Q97E Q358E Q443E −3 1.22 0.88 21 Q97E Q358E −2 1.12 0.88 22 Q97E Q358R Q443E −1 0.91 1.16 23 Q97E Q358R Q443R 1 0.78 1.25 24 Q97E Q358R 0 1.08 1.14 25 Q97E Q443E −2 1.12 1.00 28 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443E −2 0.78 1.87 29 Q97R Q319E Q358E Q443R 0 0.80 1.81 30 Q97R Q319E Q358E −1 0.68 2.21 31 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443E 0 0.68 1.96 32 Q97R Q319E Q358R Q443R 2 0.70 2.05 33 Q97R Q319E Q358R 1 0.60 2.27 34 Q97R Q319E Q443E −1 0.65 2.25 35 Q97R Q319E Q443R 1 0.70 2.15 36 Q97R Q319E 0 0.73 2.23 37 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443E 0 0.93 2.11 38 Q97R Q319R Q358E Q443R 2 0.65 2.21 39 Q97R Q319R Q358E 1 0.82 2.22 40 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443E 2 0.74 2.28 41 Q97R Q319R Q358R Q443R 4 0.55 2.09 42 Q97R Q319R Q358R 3 0.67 2.48 43 Q97R Q319R Q443E 1 0.84 2.35 44 Q97R Q319R Q443R 3 0.73 2.41 45 Q97R Q319R 2 0.76 2.45 46 Q97R Q358E Q443E −1 0.79 1.45 47 Q97R Q358E Q443R 1 0.75 1.42 48 Q97R Q358E 0 0.82 1.46 49 Q97R Q358R Q443E 1 0.67 1.69 50 Q97R Q358R Q443R 3 0.60 1.60 51 Q97R Q358R 2 0.64 1.29 52 Q97R Q443E 0 0.83 1.43 54 Q97R 1 0.72 1.49 55 Q319E Q358E Q443E −3 0.99 1.15 56 Q319E Q358E Q443R −1 0.77 1.40 57 Q319E Q358E −2 0.83 1.34 58 Q319E Q358R Q443E −1 0.73 1.49 59 Q319E Q358R Q443R 1 0.67 1.61 60 Q319E Q358R 0 0.80 1.67 61 Q319E Q443E −2 0.91 1.39 62 Q319E Q443R 0 0.73 1.45 63 Q319E −1 0.75 1.41 64 Q319R Q358E Q443E −1 1.05 1.28 65 Q319R Q358E Q443R 1 0.94 1.42 66 Q319R Q358E 0 0.96 1.39 67 Q319R Q358R Q443E 1 1.02 1.50 68 Q319R Q358R Q443R 3 0.71 1.57 69 Q319R Q358R 2 0.71 1.58 70 Q319R Q443E 0 0.91 1.49 72 Q319R 1 0.95 1.56 77 Q358R Q443R 2 0.67 1.22 78 Q358R 1 0.66 1.15

Example 19 Balancing Mutational Effects on Amylase Activity and Expression

This example illustrates that two separate enzyme properties can be simultaneously optimized by the introduction of multiple amino acid substitutions, even where the properties are negatively correlated due, for example, to oppositely linked to charge characteristics of the protein.

It was determined during experimentation that the median expression of AmyS-242Q decreased with increasing positive charge. However, specific BODIPY starch hydrolysis increased with increasing positive charge. Enhanced recombinant amylase expression and starch hydrolysis are desirable in an engineered variant of AmyS-242Q suitable for starch liquefaction in the fuel ethanol industry or cleaning in detergent applications for instance. These properties, however, are apparently conflicting properties. Using the methods provided herein, it is possible to produce a more highly expressed amylase variant without severely compromising starch hydrolysis by selectively combining single mutations. The strategy described herein was successfully used to produce and select multiply-substituted AmyS-242Q variants having improvements in a first property (e.g., expression as the primary property), while improving or not sacrificing a second property (e.g., starch hydrolysis as the secondary property).

In addition, in converse to median expression of AmyS-242Q variants, cornstarch microswatch cleaning increased with increasing positive charge. Enhanced recombinant amylase expression and cleaning performance are desirable in an engineered variant of AmyS-242Q. These properties, however, are also apparently conflicting properties. Using the methods disclosed herein, it is possible to produce a more highly expressed amylase variant without severely compromising cleaning performance by selectively combining single mutations. The strategy described herein was successfully used to produce and select multiply-substituted AmyS-242Q variants having improvements in a first property (e.g., expression as the primary property), while improving or not sacrificing a second property (e.g., rice starch microswatch cleaning as the secondary property).

In particular, an eighty member AmyS-S242Q charge combinatorial library (CCL) comprising variants having combinations of from one to four substitutions of charged residues was tested for shake tube expression, BODIPY-starch hydrolysis, and rice starch cleaning activity. AmyS-S242Q winners are shown in Tables 7-1 and 7-1. Importantly, the multiply-substituted variants of Table 19-1 have equal or improved expression and equal or improved BODIPY-starch hydrolysis as compared to the parent enzyme. Similarly, the multiply-substituted variants of Table 19-2 have equal or improved expression and equal or improved rice starch cleaning activity as compared to the parent enzyme.

TABLE 19-1 AmyS-S242Q Expression and BODIPY-Starch Hydrolysis Winners Ex- pres- sion BODIPY Variant 97 319 358 443 Charge (PI) (PI) 1 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443E −4 1.27 1.29 2 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443R −2 1.19 1.31 3 Q97E Q319E Q358E −3 1.00 1.43 4 Q97E Q319E Q358R Q443E −2 1.23 1.43 7 Q97E Q319E Q443E −3 1.40 1.41 8 Q97E Q319E Q443R −1 1.12 1.58 9 Q97E Q319E −2 1.09 1.56 10 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443E −2 1.45 1.32 11 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443R 0 1.32 1.49 12 Q97E Q319R Q358E −1 1.58 1.27 16 Q97E Q319R Q443E −1 1.09 1.51 17 Q97E Q319R Q443R +1 1.00 1.42 24 Q97E Q358R 0 1.08 1.14 25 Q97E Q443E −2 1.12 1.00 64 Q319R Q358E Q443E −1 1.05 1.28 67 Q319R Q358R Q443E +1 1.02 1.50

TABLE 19-2 AmyS-S242Q Expression and Rice-Starch Hydrolysis Winners Expres- Variant 97 319 358 443 Charge sion CS-28 1 Q97E Q319E Q358E Q443E −4 1.27 1.01 11 Q97E Q319R Q358E Q443R 0 1.32 1.18 12 Q97E Q319R Q358E −1 1.58 1.13 16 Q97E Q319R Q443E −1 1.09 1.43 17 Q97E Q319R Q443R +1 1.00 1.55 24 Q97E Q358R 0 1.08 1.15 25 Q97E Q443E −2 1.12 1.09 64 Q319R Q358E Q443E −1 1.05 1.18 67 Q319R Q358R Q443E +1 1.02 1.15

In sum, because enzyme activity and enzyme production have different charge dependencies (see FIGS. 26A, 26B, 27A and 27B) they are negatively correlated (see FIGS. 25A and 25B). However, there are a number of variants that are improved in both expression and activity, and analyzing the library in this manner allows them to be identified.

Although demonstrated with amylases this method is applicable to other enzyme classes such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, transferases and pectinases. Moreover any combination of two or more properties can be analyzed simultaneously such as expression, activity, binding, thermal stability, detergent and chelant stability.

Example 20 Further Characterization of S242Variants

A library of S242 variants (S242A, 242A, 242C, 242D, 242E, 242F, 242G, 242H, 242I, 242K, 242L, 242M, 242N, 242P, 242Q, 242R, 242T, 242V, 242W, and 242Y) were further characterized to determine the Protein Expression, Specific Activity at pH 5.8 and pH 4, Specific Activity on Corn Flour 85, and % Residual Activity at Temperature (see also Example 3). Results are shown with relative comparison to wild-type (or S242S parent amylase) and the control enzyme (SPEZYME ETHYL).

Data are shown in Table 20-1.

The specific activity at pH 5.8 and pH 4 was measured using the Alpha-Amylase Activity on Maltoheptaose Assay (pH Stability Determination) as follows:

The alpha-amylase activity of B. subtilis AmyS and AmyS variants on maltoheptaose at pH 5.8 and pH 4 was measured by monitoring production of glucose, using an enzyme-coupled colorimetric kinetic assay. Enzyme reactions were carried out in flat-bottom polystyrene 96-well microtiter plates at room temperature. For the assay conducted at pH 5.8, 10 μL of culture supernatant of AmyS and AmyS variants were mixed with 40 μL of buffer containing sodium acetate (pH 5.8), CaCl₂, Tween-20, horseradish peroxidase (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. No. 8375) and glucose oxidase (Genencor OxyGo™), at concentrations such that the final 50 μL volume contained 50 mM, 2.6 mM, 0.005% (w/v), 20 U/ml and 50 U/ml of each component, respectively. Reactions were initiated by the addition of 50 μl of buffer containing 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.8), 5.4 mg/mL 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. A1888) and 10 mM maltoheptaose (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. No. M7753), and was followed by 5 seconds of mixing. Color formation in the reaction was monitored at 405 nm in 9 second intervals for 240 seconds using a SpectraMAX 250 spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices). Enzyme activity was reported as the rate of color formation during the 120-240 second interval of monitoring. For the assay conducted at pH 4.0, the method as described above was repeated exactly except using buffers at pH 4.0.

TABLE 20-1 Characterization of S242 Variants Specific Specific Specific Residual Protein Activity Activity Activity Activity Variant Expression pH 5.8 pH 4 Corn Flour 85 (%) 242A 133 0.189 0.0540 0.0112 59.5 242C 95 0.193 0.0502 0.0109 29.3 242D 176 0.140 0.0344 0.0045 41.6 242E 179 0.151 0.0400 0.0145 44.6 242F 116 0.162 0.0441 0.0072 33.8 242G 172 0.164 0.0444 0.0102 31.6 242H 174 0.145 0.0414 0.0074 19.3 242I 115 0.154 0.0445 0.0118 27.0 242K 187 0.148 0.0444 0.0083 22.8 242L 120 0.202 0.0729 0.0114 28.5 242M 95 0.241 0.0735 0.0122 42.9 242N 170 0.161 0.0419 0.0082 30.2 242P 168 0.149 0.0322 0.0041 6.7 242Q 142 0.152 0.0374 0.0177 61.3 242R 176 0.154 0.0368 0.0062 13.0 wildtype 135 0.164 0.0367 0.0122 34.0 242T 165 0.145 0.0334 0.0081 24.8 242V 106 0.168 0.0407 0.0089 22.3 242W 112 0.199 0.0471 0.0083 5.6 242Y 127 0.189 0.0541 0.0077 15.7 pos 75 0.189 0.0445 0.0311 85.0 wildtype 156 0.153 0.0416 0.0068 32.3

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification are incorporated herein by reference. Although the disclosed methods and enzymes have in some instances been described in connection with specific or preferred embodiments, it should be understood what is covered by the appended claims is not limited to such specific or preferred embodiments. Indeed, various modifications and variations of the disclosed methods and enzymes will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and various modifications of the described modes for practicing what has been disclosed are included within the scope of the following claims. 

1. An alpha-amylase variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, and having a substitution at an amino acid position corresponding to position 242 of a reference alpha-amylase, and further comprising one or more of: a) one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at amino acid position 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at 443; b) other sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 319, 349, 358, 428, or 443; c) deletion of one or more amino acids at positions F178, R179, G180, I181, G182, or K183, or pairs thereof; d) other sequence modifications at one or more amino acid positions 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, or 183; e) substitution of N193F or V416G, or both; f) other sequence modification at position 193, 416 or both; g) substitution of one or more proline residues present in the part of the alpha-amylase variant that is modified, with an alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, valine or leucine residue. h) substitution of one or more proline residues present in the part of the alpha-amylase variant that is modified, with another naturally-occurring amino acid residue; i) substitution of one or more cysteine residues present in the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase with a serine, alanine, threonine, glycine, valine or leucine residue; j) substitution of one or more cysteine residues present in the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, with another naturally-occurring amino acid residue; k) where SEQ ID NO: 7 is the reference alpha-amylase for numbering, any of the following mutations M15T,L, M15X, V128E, V128X, H133Y, H133X, N188S,T,P, N188X, M197T,L, M197X, A209V, A209X, M197T/W138F, M197T/138Y, M15T/H133Y/N188S, M15N128E/H133Y/N188S, E119C/S130C, D124C/R127C, H133Y/T149I, G475R, H133Y/S187D or H133Y/A209V; l) other modification at one or more of positions M15, V128, A111, H133, W138, T149, M197, N188, A209, A210, H405, T412, where SEQ ID NO: 7 is the reference alpha-amylase; m) where the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, deletion or substitution of one or more of a cysteine residue (C363) or one or more methionine residues located in any of positions M8, M9, M96, M200, M206, M284, M307, M311, M316 and M438 when SEQ ID NO: 2 is the reference amylase; n) modification of one or more amino acid residues corresponding to P17, D19, T21, N28, S51, G72, V74, A82, Q86, Q89, A93, G95, Q97, W115, D117, P123, S124, D125, N127, I130, G132, Q135, P145, G146, G148, S153, Y159, W166, S169, K171, R179, G180, I181, G182, K183, W187, P209, N224, S242, P245, G256, D269, N271, T278, N281, G302, A304, R308, T321, Q358, P378, S382, K383, T398, H405, T417, E418, P420, G421, P432, W437, G446, G454, S457, T459, T461, S464, G474, or R483, where SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 are the reference alpha-amylase; or n) a set of substitutions of a) □97E, Q319E, Q358E, Q443E; b) Q97E, Q319R, Q358E, Q443R; c) Q97E, Q319R, Q358E; d) Q97E, Q319R, Q443E; e) Q97E, Q319R, Q443R; f) Q97E, Q358R; g) Q97E, Q443E; h) Q319R, Q358E, Q443E; or i) Q319R, Q358R, Q443E.
 2. The alpha-amylase variant of claim 1 that is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T alpha-amylase variant.
 3. The alpha-amylase variant of claim 1 that has detectable alpha-amylase activity and is altered, relative to the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase, in any one of more: (a) net charge, (b) substrate specificity, (c) substrate cleavage, (d) substrate binding, (e) thermal stability, (f) activity at one or more pH's, (g) stability at one or more pH's, (h) stability in oxidizing conditions, (i) Ca²⁺ requirements, (j) specific activity, (k) catalytic rate, (l) catalytic efficiency, (m) activity in the presence of a phytate, (n) thermal or pH stability in the presence of a phytate, (o) ability to effect peak viscosity in a liquefaction test, (p) ability to effect final viscosity in a liquefaction test, (q) activity in the presence of a chelator, (r) thermal or pH stability in the presence of a chelator, (s) utility for desizing, or utility for a cleaning process, or (t) amount of expression in a protein expression system.
 4. The alpha-amylase variant of claim 1, wherein the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or
 16. 5. The alpha-amylase variant of claim 1, wherein the reference alpha-amylase used for numbering the amino acid residues is SEQ ID NO: 1 or
 2. 6. The alpha-amylase variant of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 98% identical to that of a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase.
 7. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a coding sequence that encodes: a) an amino acid sequence of the alpha-amylase variant of claim 1; b) any of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or
 30. 8. An isolated polynucleotide encoding an alpha-amylase variant of claim
 1. 9. A vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim
 7. 10. An isolated host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 7 or the vector of claim
 9. 11. The isolated host cell of claim 10 that is a Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. lautus, B. thuringiensis, Streptomyces lividans, S. murinus; Escherichia coli, or a Pseudomonas spp.
 12. A composition comprising: a) an alpha-amylase variant of claim 1, and b) at least one additional enzyme.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the additional enzyme is a phytase.
 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant.
 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the alpha-amylase variant further comprises a sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 179, 180, 193, 319, 349, 358, 416, 428, or 443 of the reference alpha-amylase.
 16. The composition of claim 12, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at
 443. 17. The composition of claim 12, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises a substitution of an N193 or a V416 or both.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises a substitution of N193F or V416G, or both.
 19. The composition of claim 14, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises deletion of amino acids 179 and
 180. 20. The composition of claim 12, wherein the alpha-amylase variant has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2 and comprises a substitution of amino acid 242 relative to numbering in a reference alpha-amylase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:
 1. 21. The composition of claim 12, wherein the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or
 16. 22. The composition of claim 13, wherein the alpha-amylase variant and the phytase are present in amounts such that the ratio of AAU:FTU is about 1:15 to about 15:1.
 23. The composition of claim 13, wherein the alpha-amylase variant and the phytase are present in amounts such that the ratio of AAU:FTU is about 1:4 to about 3:1.
 24. The composition of claim 13, wherein the phytase has a sequence that is SEQ ID NO:
 31. 25. A method of treating a starch slurry comprising: a) adding to the starch slurry at least one phytase and at least one alpha-amylase variant of claim 1; wherein the phytase and the alpha-amylase variant are added at or about the same time, or separately in any order; and b) incubating the starch slurry under conditions permissive of activity of the phytase and the alpha-amylase variant.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the alpha-amylase variant is altered, as compared to a parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase or a reference alpha-amylase, in one or more of: (a) net charge, (b) substrate specificity, (c) substrate cleavage, (d) substrate binding, (e) thermal stability, (f) activity at one or more pH's, (g) stability at one or more pH's, (h) stability in oxidizing conditions, (i) Ca²⁺ requirements, (j) specific activity, (k) catalytic rate, (l) catalytic efficiency, (m) activity in the presence of a phytate, (n) thermal or pH stability in the presence of a phytate, (o) ability to effect peak viscosity in a liquefaction test, or (p) ability to effect final viscosity in a liquefaction test.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the reference alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or
 2. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T variant alpha-amylase.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the alpha-amylase variant further comprises a sequence modification at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 97, 179, 180, 193, 319, 349, 358, 416, 428, or 443 of the reference alpha-amylase.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises one or more of substitution at positions as follows: a cysteine at 349, a cysteine at 428, a glutamic acid at 97, an arginine at 97, a glutamic acid at 319, an arginine at 319, a glutamic acid at 358, an arginine at 358, a glutamic acid at 443, or an arginine at
 443. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises a substitution of an N193 or a V416 or both.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises a substitution of N193F or V416G, or both.
 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the alpha-amylase variant comprises deletion of amino acids 179 and
 180. 34. The method of claim 25, wherein the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or
 16. 35. The method of claim 25, wherein the phytase is added before the alpha-amylase variant.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the starch slurry is preincubated after adding the phytase and before adding the alpha-amylase variant.
 37. The method of claim 25, wherein the inclusion of the phytase results in an increase in thermostability of the alpha-amylase variant relative to a comparable method that does not include contacting the starch slurry with phytase.
 38. The method of claim 25, wherein the phytase and the alpha-amylase variant are present in a single blend before adding to the starch slurry.
 39. The method of claim 25, wherein the phytase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 31. 40. A method of producing a fermentable substrate from a starch-containing slurry comprising milled grain, the method comprising: a) contacting the starch-containing slurry with at least one phytase and at least one alpha-amylase variant of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to produce a fermentable substrate from the starch-containing slurry; wherein the contact with the phytase and the alpha-amylase variant is initiated at or about the same time, or separately in any order; and b) incubating the starch-containing slurry under conditions permissive of activity of the phytase and the alpha-amylase variant for a time that allows production of the fermentable substrate; wherein when the contact with the phytase is initiated before the alpha-amylase variant, the starch-containing slurry is incubated at a temperature that is 0-30° C. less than a gelatinization temperature prior to contacting the starch-containing slurry with the alpha-amylase variant, after which the temperature is raised above the gelatinization temperature for a time effective to hydrolyze starch.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the reference alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T alpha-amylase variant.
 42. A method of treating a starch-containing material or a starch comprising the step of contacting the starch-containing material or the starch with a composition comprising at least one alpha-amylase variant of claim 1 under conditions sufficient to allow detectable activity of the alpha-amylase variant, and wherein the starch-containing material or the starch is at least partially degraded by the alpha-amylase variant.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the reference alpha-amylase is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and the parent AmyS-like alpha-amylase comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or
 16. 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the alpha-amylase variant is a S242A, S242D, S242E, S242F, S242G, S242H, S242L, S242M, S242N, S242Q, or S242T alpha-amylase variant.
 45. The method of claim 42 further comprising at least one additional enzyme which is a phytase, cellulase, protease, aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glucanotransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, isomerase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinase, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, nuclease, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, xylanase, pullulanase, isoamylase, carrageenase, or a combination of two or more of the foregoing.
 46. The method of claim 42 that is part of a process for starch degradation, liquefaction, fermentation, alcohol production, sweetener production, production of a fermentable substrate, cleaning, washing, stain removal, or baking process.
 47. A kit comprising, in one or more packages provided as a unit: i) at least one alpha-amylase variant of claim 1; and ii) at least one additional enzyme.
 48. The kit of claim 47 further comprising instructions for using the alpha-amylase variant and the at least one additional enzyme in a useful process involving enzymatic cleavage of starch molecules.
 49. The kit of claim 47, wherein the additional enzyme is a phytase. 